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Where is hematopoietic tissue (red marow) found?
- within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones
- diploe of flat bones
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4 major cell types of bone tissue
- osteogenic cells
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
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What is the structural unite of compact bone
osteon
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Hyaline function
provides firm support with some felxibility
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articular cartilages cover what
ends of bones at movable joints
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costal cartilages do what
connect ribs to the sternum
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hyaline provides support to which areas
- resp tract
- voice box
- nasal areas
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fibrocartilage is found where
- padlike cartilages of the knee
- discs between vertebrae
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as people get older, fibrocartilage decreases (they shrink in height)
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description of long bones
- elongated with shaft + 2 ends
- function as levers
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description of short bones
- roughly cube shaped (ankle and wrist bones)
- gliding motion
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description of flat bones
- skull, ribs, sternum, scapula, shoulder blade
- muscle attachment
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irregular bones are found where
- vetertebra
- hip bones
- tings "fit" into irregularity
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description of compact bone
- smooth and solid in appearance
- outer casing tough filled with minerals (ECF)
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description of spongy bone
- honeycomb
- spaces form of protection, diffuse force
- example: skull bone
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shaft of long bone
diaphysis
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expanded end area of long bone
- epiphysis
- broadens to alleviate stress
- contains red marrow & will eventually become yellow and not produce blood cell
- articular cartilage (cushioning)
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long bones contain
- diaphysis
- epiphysis
- blood vessels
- medullary cavity
- membranes
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what is in the medullary avity
yellow and red marrow
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periosteum is found where
around outside of bone except ends that have articular cartilage
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sharpeys fibers are found where
tendon and ligament attachment
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compact and spongy both have what
red bone marrow
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sturcutre of shortflat and irregular bones
sandwhich: thin outside compact layers with spongy bone in between
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bone consists of what
extracellular matrix secreted by bone cells and they are responsible for maintaining and remodeling
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osteogenic cells are used to make osteoblast
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what are bone forming cells and deposit bone matrix
osteoblasts
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build up of matrix is called what
ossification or osteogenesis
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osteoblasts do what?
- synthesize collagen
- accumulate calcium and phosphate
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what are mature bone cells called
osteocytes
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what do osteocytes do
function to maintain existing matrix
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what are bone destroying cells
osteoclasts
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osteoclasts function as
- responsible for breakdown and reabsorption of bone matrix
- secrete H and enzymes to breakdown mineralized bone matrix
- calcium and phosphate are freed
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osteoclasts are multinucleate, have lysosomes (digestive enzymes)
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compact bone contain
- osteon
- lamella
- central canal
- perforating cnals
- canaliculi
- cell types (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, lacunae)
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circumferential lamellae do what
- they go around the bone as whole not individual osteons.
- used to widen a bone
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description of spongy bone
- less dense thatn compact bone
- lighter in weight
- consists of trabeculae with spaces in between
- align precisely along lines of stress and help the bone resists stress as much as possible
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functional anatomy of bone matrix
felxibility (collagen) and strength (calcium salts/minerals)
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when fontanels stop growing, they are called
suture
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there are NO osteons present in which type of bone
spongy
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organic components of bone
cells (osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts)
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organic component
osteoid
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intramembranous ossification is what
- the formation of cranial bones of the skill (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal) and the clavicles
- MOST ARE FLAT BONES
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Flat bones of the skill contain
- intramembranous ossification
- grown from inside point outward
- SOFT SPOTS
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Endochondral bone grown
- most bones inferior to skull
- a model for long bone growth
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calcifies epiphyseal line at 18 yrs (female) and 21 yrs (male)
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endochondral ossification in a long bone
- 1. bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage
- 2. cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities
- 3. the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form
- 4. the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues.
- 5. the epiphyses ossify
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vitamin d deficiency include:
- rickets (childhood demineralization of bone; formative deformities)
- osteomalacia (adult form with softening of bone)
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Calcium is what
absorption if Vitamin D dependant
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Vitamin C - Lack of normal collagen synthesis is called
- scurvy
- wound healing impaired, loose teeth, etc
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3 types hormones affecting bone growth
- growth hormone
- thyroid hormone
- sex hormones
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growing bones widen as they lengthen.
cartilages bones increase in thickness
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testosterone does what
polongs growth at epiphyseal plates
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bone deposit and bone resorption occur where
suface of the periosteum and endosteum
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bone deposit occurs when
wherever bone is injured or added bone strength is required
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bone resorption os accomplished by
osteoclasts
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what is nondisplaced fracture
bone end srain their normal position
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what is displaced fracture
bone ends are out of normal alignment
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linear fracture
break parallels the long axis
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transverse fractur
if the break if perpendicular to the bones long axis
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open (compound) fracture
when bone ends penetrate the skin
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how is a fracture treated
redcution (realignment of the bone)
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closed (external) reduction
bone ends are coaxed into position by Md hands
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open (internal) reduction
bone ends are secred together surgically with pins or wires
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4 stages of repair in a simple fracture
- 1. hematoma forms
- 2. fribrocartilaginous callus forms
- 3. bony callus forms
- 4. bone remodeling occurs
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