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list Erikson's 8 stages of dvelopment
- 1. infancy: trust vs mistrust developing general trust & security in others
- 2. toddlerhood: autonomy vs shame & doubt developing a sense of indepedence & self-reliance
- 3. early childhood: initiative vs guilt developing initiative in exploring and manipulating the environment
- 4. middle childhood: industry vs inferiority enjoyment & mastery of the developmental tasks of childhood, in & out of school
- 5. adolescence: identity vs identity confusion achievement of stable & satisfying sense of identity
- 6. young adulthood: intimacy vs isolation development of ability to maintian intimate relationships
- 7. adulthood: generativity vs stagnation satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others
- 8. aging: ego integrity vs despair recognizing & adjusting to againg and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future
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what is moral development? who is the founder? what are the 3 levels of moral reasoning?
- moral development: the process of decision making about right or wrong
- Kohlberg
- Preconventional morality: showing morality to avoid punishment or gain reward (before age 9)
- conventional morality: social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake (like speed limit. early adolescence)
- Postconventional morality: based on fundamental human rights & values, follows internal ethical principles that transcend society
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what are the 3 main issues in human development?
- Nature/Nurture: how do genetic inheritance (nature) and experience (nurture) influence our behavior
- continuity stages: is development a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages
- stability/change: do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age
- it's not either nature or nurture, it's always going to be both
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Piaget's 4 stages in cognitive development
- 1. Sensorimotor
- 2. preoperational
- 3. concrete operations
- 4. formal operations
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(piaget's 4 stages)
sensorimotor stage
- birth to 2 years
- experiencing the world through senses and actions like looking, hearing, touching, grasping, mouthing
- object permanence: learning that just because you can't see something doesn't mean its not there
- stranger anxiety
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(piaget's 4 stages)
- Preoperational stage
- about 2 to 6 or 7 yrs old
- representing things with words and images, using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
- Pretend play
- Egocentrism: not being able to see other's point of view (kid buys his mom a matchbox car for her birthay cuz in his eyes that's the most awesome present ever)
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(piaget's 4 stages)
- Concrete operational
- ages 7 to 11
- thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
- conservation: realizing that even if the physical presentation of something changes, the amount remains the same
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(piaget's 4 stages)
- formal operational
- ages 12 through adulthood
- abstract reasoning: the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situtations
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4 types of Gestalt Perceptual organization
- perceptual organization: after distinguishing the figure from the ground, our perception needs to organize the figure into a meaningful form using grouping rules
- Gestalt principles: the perception of objects as wholes within a context, not isolated lines and curves
- 1. Proximity: are close together
- 2. similarity: are similar
- 3. closure: have missing contours
- 4. figure-ground: a central figure
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4 child-rearing processes
- 1. Permissive: lenient, affectionate, very little punishment
- 2. Authoritarian: strict, show litte affection, strong discipline
- 3. Authoritative: support children, but set firm limits (works best)
- 4. Uninvolved: neglectful, ignore children (worst)
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