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disease of middle-age adults resulting from overproduction of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary
acromegaly
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deviation resulting from a deficiency of adrenocortocotropic hormone caused by a destruction or dysfunction of the adrenal glands
Addison disease
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epinephrine; a powerful vasoactive substance produced by the adrenal medulla in times of stress
adrenalin
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hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries that stimulate the development of male characteristics
androgens
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chemiclas eleased by sympathetic nerve endings in response to stress
catecholamines
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caused by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids as a result of the excessive release of adrenocorticotropic hormone by the pituitary
Cushing disease
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resulting from excessive glucocorticoids in the body as a result of a tumor or the hypersecretion of the pituitary gland or by the prolonged administration of large doses of exogenous steroids
Cushing syndrome
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disease caused by the inadequate secretion of the antidiuretic hormone by the posterior portion of the pituitary gland
diabetes insipidus
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inadequate secretion of GH that occurs during pre-adolescence
dwarfism
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gland that secretes a substance directly into the blood
endocrine glands
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hormone produced by the ovaries, adrenal glands, and fetoplacental unit in women; it is responsible for the sexual development and maturation of women
estrogens
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disease caused by excessive growth hormone in children and young adolescents resulting in excessive proportional growth
gigantism
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class of adrenocortical hormones that affect protein and carbohydrate metabolism and help protect the body against stress
glucocorticoid
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surgical removal of all or part of the pituitary gland
hypophysectomy
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typr of hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex and involved in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte levels in the body
mineralocorticoids
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disorder caused by excess antidiuretic hormone production; symptoms include decreased urination, edema, and lfuid overload
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
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spasm of the facial muscleswhen the facial nerve is tapped. It is indicative of hypocalcemia
Chvostek sign
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permanent mental andphysical retardation caused by congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones
cretinism
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protrusion of the eyeballs;is associated with hyperthyroidism
exophthalmos
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enlargement of the thyroidgland
goiter
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substances that suppressesthyroid function
goitrogen
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spasmodic closure of the larynx
laryngospasm
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facial edema that develops with severe, long-term hypothyroidism; sometimes used as a synonym for hypothyroidism
myxedema
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small mass of tissue that can be palpated
nodule
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inflammation of the parotid (salivary) gland; most commonly called parotitis
parotiditis
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steady muscle contraction caused by hypocalcemia
tetany
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inflammation of the thyroid gland
thyroiditis
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excessive metabolic stimulation caused by an elevated level of the thyroid hormone
thyrotoxicosis
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carpopedal spasm after compression of the nerves in the upper arm; is a sign of hypocalcemia
Trousseau sign
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What hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary?
GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, MSH
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GH (growth hormone) or somatotropic hormone
stimulates the growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs
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ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
- controls the growth, development, and function of the cortex of the adrenal glands
- controls release of glucocorticids and adrena androgens
- necessary for secretion of aldosterone but does not control rate of aldosterone secretion
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TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) or thyrotropic hormone
controls the secretory activities of the thyroid gland
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FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
stimulates the development of the eggs in the ovary of the woman and sperm production in the man
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LH (luteinizing hormone)
controls ovulation or egg release in the woman and testosterone production in the man
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Prolactin, or lactogenic hormone
stimulated breask milk production in the woman
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MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
promotes pigmentation
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What hormones are ptoduced in the posterior pituitary?
ADH, oxytocin
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or vasopressin
- causes the reabsorption of water from the renal tubules of the kidney
- by doing so, water excretion from the body in the form of urine is decreased
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oxytocin
causes contractions of the uterus in labor and the release of breast milk
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uses radiographs to create images of internal structures; detects tumors, edema, and structural abnormalities
cerebral CY scan
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Gadolinium is a contrast medium that is used to enhance brain imaging
MRI scan with gadolinium infusion
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radiographs are taken to study cerebral blood flow and blood vessels
cerebral angiogram
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evaluates response to glucose dose to detect diabetes mellitus and hyperpituitarism
glucose tolerance test
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measures cortisol, which increases with adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing's syndrome, oat cell carcinoma; decreases with histoplasmosis and tuberculosis
dexamethasone suppression test
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serum levels are measured to detect elevations or deficiencies of pituitary hormones
pituitary hormone levels
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an infusion of hypertonic saline is given to stimulate release of ADH; used to detect DI
hypertonic saline test
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detects changes in specific gravity and osmolality after aqueous vasopressin is given subcutanetously
specific gravity and osmolality decrease with primary and secondary DI
no response with nephrogenic DI
fluid deprivation
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s/s of hypothyroidism on the integumentary system
course, dry skin and hair; thick nails
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s/s of hypothyroidism on the musculoskeletal system
muscle aches and pains, weakness, slow movements
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s/s of hypothyroidism on the cardiovascular system
bradycardia, dysrhythmias, hypotension, anemia, capillary fragility
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s/s of hypothyroidism on the respiratory system
hypoventilation, dyspnea
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s/s of hypothyroidism on the GI system
anorexia, nausea and vomiting, constipation, weight gain
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s/s of hypothyroidism on the neurologic system
apathy, lethargy, slowed mental function, depression, slow speech, parasthesias, decreased tendon reflexes
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s/s of hypothyroidism on the reproductive system
- women - amenorrhea or prolonged menses, infertility, decreased libido
- men - decreased libido, erectile dysfunction
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s/s of hypothyroidism on other systems
cold intolerance, decreased body temperature, facial puffiness or coarseness, thick tongue, nonpitting edema of hands and feet, sensitivity to CNS depressant agents
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s/s of hyperthyroidism on the integumentary system
smooth, moist skin; silky hair, diaphoresis
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s/s of hyperthyroidism on the musculoskeletal system
weakness
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s/s of hyperthyroidism on the cardiovascular system
tachycardia, dysrhythmias, palpitations, systolic hypertension, angina
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s/s of hyperthyroidism on the respiratory system
increased respiraotry rate, dyspnea
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s/s of hyperthyroidism on the GI system
increased appetite increased bowel sounds, diarrhea, weight loss
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s/s of hyperthyroidism on the neurologic system
nervousness and irritability, insomnia, personality change, agitation, inability to concentrate, fine tremor of fingers and tongue, hyperreflexia
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s/s of hyperthyroidism on the reproductive system
- women - menstrual irregularities, decreased libido
- men - decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, gynecomastia
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s/s of hypoparathyroidism on the musculoskeletal system
fatigue, weakness, cramps, twitching
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s/s of hypoparathyroidism on the urinary system
frequency
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s/s of hypoparathyroidism on the cardiovascular system
decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias
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s/s of hypoparathyroidism on the neurologic system
hyperactive reflexes, memory impairment, depression, anxiety, irritability, personality changes, confusion, numbness and tingling of hands and feet and around mouth, muscle spasms
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s/s of hypoparathyroidism on the GI system
abdominal cramps
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s/s of hypoparathyroidism on the integumentary system
brittle nails, dry skin
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s/s of hypoparathyroidism on temperature tolerance
cold intolerance
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s/s of hyperparathyroidism on the muscuolskeletal system
poor muscle tone, weakness, bone pain, demineralization, fractures
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s/s of hyperparathyroidism on the urinary system
polyuria, renal calculi
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s/s of hyperparathyroidism on the cardiovascular system
hypertension, dysrhythmias
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s/s of hyperparathyroidism on the neurologic system
depressed reglexes, decreased mental function, depression, mood swings, confusion, coma, poor coordination
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s/s of hyperparathyroidism on the GI system
anorexia, nausea and vomiting, constipation
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s/s of hyperparathyroidism on the integumentary system
moist skin
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s/s of hyperparathyroidism on temperature tolerance
heat intolerance
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