Pumping Ch. 14-16

From a tactical standpoint, when given a choice between Relay Pumping and Water Shuttle Operations,                     
  generally provides a more reliable continuous water supply with fewer apparatus

One positive for the Water shuttle operation is: It is less       
                  to pack up the portable water tanks than reload a mile of LDH. 

Fill Site pumpers should have a minimum pump capacity of 
         GPM. NFPA 1901 requires tenders to be filled at a rate of         GPM. 

Water Tenders are the backbone of any shuttle operation. Water Tenders (Mobile Water Supply Apparatus) must carry at least         gallons, but most tenders today carry between      
      and          gallons. 

Vehicle weight restrictions generally limit single rear-axle apparatus to a minimum tank capacity of            gallons. 

Tenders that have water tanks with less than            gallons and possess                             capabilities ae the most efficient for use in Water Shuttle Operations. Larger apparatus have longer filling and unloading times. 

Tenders with a 750GPM or larger fire pump are called              
            . 

Per NFPA 1901, Tenders with a fire pump must have a    " line from the tank to the pump that can provide       GPM until 80% of the tank volume is emptied. 

Depending on manufacturers preference, the direct tank fill inlet may be designed so that the tank is filled from the bottom or top. Hydraulically there is little advantage to one design or the other. Because most tanks are 6 feet tall, the back pressure created by a full tank is only      PSI on the bottom fill inlet. 

Although NFPA 1901 only requires 1 Large Tank Discharge (dump valve), it is recommended each tender have      .

Gravity dumps usually employ    " round or square piping and Do Not use any mechanical pressure source. 

When possible, select a fill site that is capable of providing at least          GPM, which is the NFPA 1901 required fill rate for tankers. 

The best fill and dump sites are those where the tenders can 
                                                                          . 

A              route of travel is optimum for water shuttle operations. 

IFSTA recommends using a            to fill tenders at a fill site, regardless of using a hydrant or static source. 

One F/F should be assigned to handle each tender fill line that is laid out. These F/F's are referred to as                           personnel. 

When filling is taking place, the tanker/tender driver should 
                              . 

Of the 3 dump site methods (direct pumping, portable tank, nurse tender)                           may be the easiest to ensure a constant supply of water to the attack pumper.

The most efficient method of unloading tankers is to dump the water into portable tanks through                 or                    
    . 

A single folding tank works on fires that require low flow rates (less than       GPM). Incidents that require flow rates in excess of        GPM are best served by a multiple portable tank dump site operation

The most common style of portable tank is the               type.

It is recommended that the portable water tank be set on a level surface and have a capacity that is at least        gallons larger than the capacity of the tank on the apparatus carrying it (Slight Incline or Road with High Crown). 

The most common multiple portable tank operation used in most jurisdictions range from      -      portable tanks. 
A                                         arrangement is the preferred method for arranging the tanks. 

The most efficient method of transferring water between portable tanks uses                        to move water from one tank to another. 

When evaluating Water Tender Performance, the ISO assumes an average travel speed of        MPH, and only allows      % of the total tank capacity to be used for calculation. 

To receive full credit under the ISO fire supression rating schedule, the first water tender must begin dumping water within       minutes of the first pumper's arrival on the fire scene. The pumper must continue to be supplied        gallons for      hours. 

The majority of foams in use today are Mechanical foams. Mechanical foams must be               and              before they can be used. 

                    - Raw Foam
                    - Foam mixed W/water
                      - Foam W/water and air (aka Finished Foam)

Class B fuels are divided into 2 categories:                     , 
                   . 

Class B foam is effective on Class B                 fires (those that float on water) 
Only Alcohol-Resistant (Polymeric) foam formulas will extinguish Class B                      fires (miscible)

Class B foams designed solely for Class B fires will not extinguish                      fires regardless of the concentration used. 

Foam extinguishes and/or prevents fire by the following methods:                     ,                     ,                     . 

Most firefighting foam concentrates are intended to be mixed with        to       % water. 

Class A foams are usually mixed at a percentage from       to      %.
Class B foams are usually mixed at a percentage from       to      
     %.
Hydrocarbons are       to      %
Polar Solvents are       to      %

The 4 basic methods of proportioning foam are                ,   
          ,                ,                . 

The                      method of foam proportioning uses the pressure energy in the stream of water to induct (draft) foam concentrate into the fire stream. This is achieved by passing the stream of water through a venturi device called and Eductor. 

                    - is the simplest method of mixing foam concentrate and water. This method is commonly practiced with Class A foams, but should only be used as a Last Resort with Class B foam. 

                    - one of the more commonly used methods of proportioning, used with portable extinguishers, especially wheeled extinguishers. 

Foam Storage

Pails -       gallon, used by municipal fire service
Barrels -         gallon, industrial applications
Totes -          gallon, Bulk Storage, AARF Industrial
Apparatus Tanks -     to       gallons (up to 8,000 gallons)

Protein based foams have a shelf life of        years.
Class A foams have a shelf life up to        years if properly stored.
Synthetic based foams have a shelf life of        to        years.

When the concentration of foam is increased, the effect visible to the firefighter is characterized by                         .

Using Class A foam at percentages greater than       % with standard fog nozzles does not appear to increase the firefighting performance. 

Class A Foam Proportioning
0.2 to 0.5% =                           and CAFS applications
0.3 to 0.7% =                          
0.5 to 1.0% =                          

The application rate for Class A foam is the same as the minimum                           rate for water.

Foam Expansion - Increase in foam volume when aerated
Low Expansion Foam - up to          
Medium Expansion Foam -            to           
High Expansion Foam -            to            

Fluoroprotein Foam is a combination of protein and synthetic foam, provides a strong "security blanket" for long term vapor supression that is especially critical with             
         . Can be formulated to be Alcohol-Resistant by adding
                  that are suspended in                      . AR Fluoroprotein foam maintains its AR properties for about      minutes. 

          is the most common type of foam used today. 

A low energy foam system imparts pressure on the foam solution solely by the use of a                . 

                    foam proportioners are the simplest and most common foam proportioning devices in use today. 

The                      is the most basic type of foam proportioner used in the fire service. 

The pressure at the outlet of the eductor (aka Back Pressure) must not exceed       to      % of the eductor inlet pressure. 

Foam solution concentration is only correct at the rated inlet pressure of the eductor, usually       -     PSI. In order for the nozzle and eductor to operate properly, both must have the same GPM. 

The eductor must not be more than      feet above the surface of the foam concentrate. 
The use of a foam nozzle eductor compromises F/F safety because F/F's                                          .

A Jet Ratio Controller (JRC) may be used to supply foam concentrate to a self-educting master stream nozzle. Allows the concentrate to be as much as          feet away, and allows an elevation change of up to      feet. The JRC proportions the concentrates at       %, which is reduced to 3% at the device. 

The                        proportioner is one of the most common types of Built-In proportioners installed in mobile fire apparatus today. 

The                              proportioner is one of the most Accurate methods of foam proportioning. 

The                                     proportioner operates off power supplied by the electical system (may not be used with AR foams due to the viscosity)

Batch Mixing - the simplest means of proportioning foam, not used with AR foams. Class A foams do not retain their foaming properties if mixed in water for more than       hours. Batch mixing should only be used when no other method is available.

High energy foam systems (CAFS) introduce compressed air into the foam solution              discharge into the hoseline. 

With respect to foam application, the use of smoothbore (solid stream) nozzles is limited to Class       ,            applications. 

Fog Nozzles can be used to produce low expansion, short lasting foam. Expansion ratios using fog nozzles are between            and           . 

The Direct Application method for foam application is used with Class      foam. The Roll-on, Bank Down, and Rain Down methods are used with Class       Foams. 

Manufacturers Road Test - Apparatus must accelerate to     MPH from a standing start within      seconds. Must achieve a minimum top speed of     MPH. Must come to a full stop from     MPH within     Feet. 

The manufacturers hydrostatic test is conducted at        PSI for     minutes. 

Altitude affects the pumps performance: Lifting ability drops about 1 Foot for every                                in altitude

Personnel should wear hearing protection if exposed to noise in excess of       DBs. 

The first test that should be performed during Pumper Service testing is the                          . (all fluid levels should be checked prior to this test)

If a fire pump tests to less than      % of its capabilities when it was new, 2 options are available:                                       or                                                     .