The difference between the highest and lowest. (subtract the 2)
Standard Deviation
1. Find the mean
2. Subtract mean from every #
3. Square the mean from every #
4. Add all #’s together
5. Divide by one less than the total #
6. Obtain the square root
Accuracy
Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the actual (true) value.
Precision
Precision is how close the measured values are to each other. Repeatability
BMI
mass(kg)/(height(m))2
What is the function of Biruet Reagent?
Used to detect protein. The more protein the deeper the blue.
Optical Density
ability to absorb light
Dependent Variable
measured to determine if the manipulation of the independent variable had any effect.
Plot on the y-value
Independent Variable
a factor that is manipulated in an experiment
Plot on the x-value
Diffusion
movement of particles from high to low until equilibrium is reached
Factors that effect diffusion:
1. Particle size
2. Temperature
3. Size of concentration gradient
4. Barriers and semipermeable
5. MembraneViscosity of liquid
Permeable Solute
can cross the membrane
Impermeable solutes
cannot cross the membrane
Dialysis
diffusion of solutes across a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Tonicity
a measure of the osmotic pressure gradient (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane
Hypotonic
1. lower concentration of solutes outside the cell
2. water moves into the cell
3. hemolyse
Isotonic
1. Equilibrium
2. No movement
Hypertonic
1. Higher concentration of solutes outside the
cell
2. Water moves out of the cell
3. Crenate
Which way will water flow across a membrane?
High to low concentration
Enzymes
biological catalysts
3 types of Digestive Enzymes
Lipase : for Lipids
Amylase : for Carbs
Pepsin : for protein
Substrate
substance that enzymes reacts and modifies to form a new product.
Iodine test
detect starch prestances
Benedict’s test
test for maltose
Biurets
test for protein
What is the purpose of Bile Salts
help digest fatty food by emulsifying the fat
Emulsification
the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles. It is accomplished mainly by bile acids in the small intestine
What is ELISA
Check for enzyme-linked antibodies or Antibody Titer
Sequence of steps in an ELISA
A.S.E.A.B.S (ate sea biscuts)
1. Antigen
2. Wash
3. Serum
4. Wash
5. Enzyme linked antibody
6. Wash
7. Substrate
Epitope
specific site of an antigen that causes the production of an antibody
Antibody titer
a measurement of how much antibody an organism has produced that recognizes a particular epitope
What is the purpose of the enzyme linked ANTIBODY
So it can bind to the antiogen
Western blot
used to detect specific proteins in the given sample of tissue
Spatial
increase in overall strength of a contraction that increases motor units
Concentration Time
the time the muscle contracts
Relaxation
the time the muscle relaxes
Temporal summation
increased rate of stimulus
Latent Period
the time that the muscle sits after stimulis occurred
Motor unit
a single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers to which it connects.
Tentanization
The steady state of contractions when muscle stimulation is at a higher frequency.