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What is the length of proestrus/interestrus in the cat?
8-10 day
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When does progesterone rise to >2ng/ml in the cat?
1-2 days after ovulation
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When is the peak concentration of progesterone in the cat?
25-30 days
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What hormone is produced by the feto-placental unit in cats, is not detecable in nonpregnant animal, probably has a role in maintaining the CL?
relaxin
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When does implantation occur in the cat?
12-13 days after ovulation
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A high P4 level in cats is a good indicator of what?
that they were bred, NOT that they are pregnant
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How should dystocia in the cat be controlled?
allow 4 hours labor to 1st kitten, 2 hour course between kittens, treat with oxytocin or immediate C-section
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Is the temperature drop associated with parturition observed in the cat, like in the dog?
no
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What progestins are used to suppress estrus in the cat?
megastrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate
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What drugs are used for induction of ovulation in the cat?
GnRH induces luteal phase but may predispose to pyometra
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What is the most common congenital anomaly of male cats?
cryptorchidism, but incidence is low (<2%)
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What is a popular diagnostic test for cat suspected of a retained testes?
penile spines, presumed to be absent if no androgens are produced.
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What are paired 5 mm pea-shaped glands of the cat, dorsolateral to the bulb of the penis at the ischial symphysis?
bulbourethral glands
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Serum concentrations of what hormones are elevated in female bitches with previous OVE?
LH (>200 ng/ml) and FSH (>290 ng/ml)
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What are differential diagnosis for primary anestrus in the bitch?
previous OVE, unobserved heat, abnormal sexual differentiation, drug-induced, hypothyroidism, systemic dz, ovarian P4 secretion, ovarian aplasia (elevated LH and FSH), and autoimmune oophoritis
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What can secondary anestrus in the bitch, which is prolonged interestrus interval > 10 months, be due to?
hypothyroidism and age
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What is persistent estrus in the bitch?
combined proestrus and estrus of more than 6 weeks
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What are causes of persistent estrus?
hyperestrogenism caused by follicular cystic disease and ovarian neoplasia
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What is a cause of irregular estrus, is due to breakthrough bleeding at onset of follicular activity preceding normal proestrus?
split heat
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What are 3 causes of infertility in females with abnormal estrus patterns?
persistent estrus, irregular estrus, nonreceptive behavior at estrus
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What are reasons for nonreceptive behavior at estrus in the bitch?
- poor timing of mating
- physical abnormality of the vulva, vestibule, or vagina
- some females wont stand for males until fertile period is almost over
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What are some reasons for the dog to fail to achieve an erection?
psychological constraints, pain, androgen insufficiency (uncommon)
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What are some reasons for the dog to fail to ejaculate?
age, pain, pharmological agents, retrograde ejaculation
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What are some reasons for failure to copulate in the dog?
age, overuse, psychological constraints
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What are some reasons for azoospermia (no sperm in ejaculate)?
chromosomal, bilateral cryptorchidism, germinal cell aplasia, familial auto-immune thyroiditis/orchitis, segmental aplasia of duct system
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What are some reasons for oligospermia (abnormally low numbers of sperm in the ejaculate)?
small testis, orchitis, prostatic disease
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In most normal dogs, when are the testes scrotal?
by 10 days of age
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What is the incidence of cryptorchidism in dogs?
1.2-5%
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What breeds are at risk for cryptorchidism?
toy breeds and boxers
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What is the way to diagnose cryptorchidism in the dog?
GnRH stim test for inducing measurable testosterone increase, testosterone increased 2 fold is diagnostic for cryptorchism
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What is the most common medical treatment for cryptorchidism?
use of drugs providing lutenizing hormone activity
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Which testicular tumor make up 44% of total canine testicular tumors and are more common in cryptorchidism?
sertoli cell tumor
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What testicular tumor makes up 31% of total canine testicular tumors, is neoplasia of germ cells, found more in normal testicles, and GSD are predisposed?
seminoma
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What is a thin band of CT along the ventral midline of the penis?
penile frenulum
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What is a urethral opening in abnormal location?
hypospadias
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What is it called then the penis will not extend through preputial sheath?
phimosis
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What is it called when the extended penis will not return into the preputial sheath?
paraphimosis
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