Microbiology Chapter 14 - Infection, Infectious Disease, and Epidemiology

spread of pathogens to the respiratory mucous membranes of a new host via the air or in droplets carried more than 1 meter

Harmless

a slimy community of microbes growing on a surface

biting arthropod or other animal that transmits pathogens and serves as a host for the multiplication of the pathogen during some stage of the pathogen’s life cycle

spread of pathogenic microorganisms via blood, urine, saliva, or other bodily fluids

in human pathogenicity, continuous asymptomatic human source of infection

symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits without significantly affecting the other

the presence of microorganisms in or on the body or other site

in the infectious disease process, final stage during which the patient recovers from the illness, and tissues and systems are repaired and returned to normal

in the infectious disease process, period in which the body gradually returns to normal as the patient’s immune response and any medical treatments vanquish the process

spread of pathogens from one host to another involving body contact between the hosts

any adverse internal condition severe enough to interfere with normal body function

• spread of pathogens from one host to another via aerosols, which exit the body during exhaling, coughing, and sneezing and travel less than 1 meter
• Endemic
• in epidemiology, a disease that occurs at a relatively stable frequency within a given area or population

potentially fatal toxin released from the cell wall of dead and dying Gram-negative bacteria

in epidemiology, a disease that occurs at a greater than normal frequency for a given area or population

study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans

toxin secreted by a pathogenic microorganism into its environment

spread of pathogenic microorganisms in feces to the mouth, such as results from drinking sewage-contaminated water

spread of pathogenic microorganisms in or on foods that are poorly processed, undercooked, or improperly refrigerated

in the infectious disease process, the most severe stage, in which signs and symptoms are most evident

the number of new cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given time

stage in infectious disease process between infection and occurrence of the first symptoms or signs of disease

spread of pathogens from one host to another via inanimate objects called fomites

successful invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism

(microbial competition) normal condition in which established microbiota use up available nutrients and space, reducing the ability of arriving pathogens to colonize

any change from a state of health

symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit from their interaction

microorganisms that colonize the surfaces of the human body without normally causing diseasethey may be resistant or transient

a disease acquired in a healthcare facility

microorganisms that cause disease when the immune system is suppressed, when microbial antagonism is reduced, or when introduce into an abnormal area of the body

the occurrence of an epidemic on more than one continent simultaneously

symbiotic relationship in which one organism derives benefit while harming, or even killing, its host.

a microorganism capable of causing disease

a microorganism’s ability to cause disease

entrance site of pathogenic microorganisms, including the skin, mucous membranes, and placenta

exit site of pathogenic microorganisms, including the nose, mouth, and urethra

the total number of cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given period of time

in the infectious disease process, the short stage of generalized, mild symptoms that precede illness

living or nonliving continuous source of infectious disease

remain a part of the normal microbiota of a person throughout life

in pathology, objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed or measured by others

a disease that occurs only in a few scattered cases within a given area or population during a given period of time

a continuum of close associations between two or more organisms that ranges from mutually beneficial to associations in which one member damages the other member

subjective characteristics of a disease that can be felt by the patient alone

a group of symptoms, signs, and diseases that collectively characterizes a particular abnormal condition

presence in the blood of poisons called toxins

remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or months before disappearing

an animal (typically an arthropod) that transmits disease from one host to another

a measure of pathogenicity

spread of pathogenetic microorganisms via water

diseases that are naturally spread from usual animal host to humans