Pharm Exam 2 Meds

Intranasal - reduces nasal congestion by constricting small blood vessels in the nasal mucosa

Topical - dilates pupil without causing significant cycoplegia

Parenteral - can reverse acute hypotension

Intranasal - SE uncommon - mucosa burning and rebound congestion if used for a long time.

Topical - narrow angle glaucoma. High doses can cause refelx bradycardia due to elevation of BP caused by stimulation of Alpha₁ receptors.

Parenteral - anxiety, restlessness, and tremors due to CNS stimulation.

Reduces BP.

orthostatic hypotension due to Alpha₁ inhibition in vascular smooth muscle.

Interacts with muscarinic receptors to cause parasympathetic stimulation - most noted in the digestive and urinary tracts - stimualtes smooth muscle contraction.

treats nonobstructive urinary retention.

• predicted parasympathetic actions:
• increased salivation, sweating, abdominal cramping, hypotension.

• blocks parasympathetic actions of Ach and includes symptoms of fight or flight response.
• Increased heart rate, bronchodilation, decreased motility in the GI tract, mydriasis, and decreased gland secretion.

Dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, increased heart rate.

Initial CNS excitement may progress to delirum and even coma

One of the most important benzodiazepines. Used as a preanesthetic and for management of staus epilepticus.

most common: drowsiness & sedation

Higher doses or IV: amnesia, weakness, disorientation, ataxia, sleep disturbance, BP changes, blurred vision, double vision, N/V.

Sedative: PO 7.5-15mg in divided doses; may increase by 5mg/day every 2-3 hours if needed (max: 60mg/day)

preserves stages III and IV of sleep and has only minor effects on REM sleep.

daytime sedation, confusion, amnesia, dizziness, depression, N/V

• Depresses REM sleep (makes it better)
• management of seizures

• may cause dependence.
• drowsiness, vitamin D, folate, B9 or B12 defeciencies.
• laryngospasms

• preferred treatment for status epilepticus.
• When administering IV, monitor respirations ever 5-15 minutes. Have airway/resuscitative equipment accessible.

reserved for short term seizure control, or for status epilepticus because of it's tolerance/dependency use

• "Drying out drug"
• desensitizes sodium channels in the CNS for neuronal responsitivity and prevents the spread of disruptive electrical charges in the brain that produce seizures.
• When administering IV, mix with saline only and infuse at a the maximum rate of 50mg/min. Mixing with other meds or dextrose solutions produces precipitate.

inhibit reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine and elevate mood by increasing these levels in the CNS.

agitation, insomnia, headache, dizziness, somnolence, fatigue

• because of their low saftey margin, these are reserved for pt's who have not responded to TCAs or SSRIs.
• a hypertensive crisis can occur if these drugs interact with any food containing tyamine.

constipation, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotension, insomnia

has anticholinergic-like side effects

provides symptomatic relief of positive symptoms of schizophrenia and controls manic symptoms of the disorder

• Extrapyrimidial side effects include
• acute dystonias
•   severe muscle spams in the back, neck, tongue and face
• akathisia
•    inability to rest or relax
• parkinsonism
•    tremor, muscle rigidity, stooped posture, shuffling gait
• tardive dyskinesia
•    unusual tongue and face movements

IT'S AN ANTIPSYCHOTIC!

• ACTIONS
• treatment and prevention of schizophrenic relapse and expression of bipolar mania.

• ADVERSE EFFECTS
• involuntary shaking of head, neck and arms.hyperactivity, fatigue, nausea, dizziness, visual disorder

• ACTIONS
• binds with mu and kappa receptor sites to produce analgesia.

• ADVERSE EFFECTS
• dysphoria, hallucinations, nausea, constipation, dizziness, and itching sensation

treatment for acute opioid overdose and misuse.

Do the opposite of opioid analgesics

• ACTIONS
• most used injectable anesthetic by blocking neuronal pain impulses.

• ADVERSE REACTIONS
• (uncommon) convulsions, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest

Halothane produces a potent level of surgical anesthesia that is rapid in onset.

malgnant hyperthermia is rare but potentially fatal adverse reaction triggered by all inhalation anesthetics.

dysrhythmias are a concern.