motor development2

a reflex that appears similar and related to voluntary movement

attatching fundamental skill that lead to skilled performance

• maturation of CNS
• development of muscular strength and endurance
• development of posture and balance
• improvement of sensory processing

• rate limiters
• ex)baby lifting head

rate limiters

• neurological health
• Alan & Alexander

act of moving or capability to move from place to place

• continous path to support body
• large enough
• sturdy enough
• firm enough
• sufficient friction

only hands and knees touch surface

infants chest and stomach touch surface

• crawling with chest and stomach on the floor
• low creeping
• rocking back and forth
• creeping with legs and arms

infants must have muscle strength in trunk and extensor muscles must develop balance or erect posture

• stride length increases
• narrows base of support
• pelvis rotates
• balance improves
• opposititional arm swimg with legs

• fear of falling
• pain

strength and balance

• age
• distance or height of jump
• jumping form

strength

• 1st gallop
• then skipping last
• coordination is the rate limiter of all these movements becaues they require a specific rythym pattern and neuromuscular coordination can hinder/promote movement

• forward step and pelvic rotation
• upper spine rotation and upper arm swing
• upper arm inward rotation and elbow extension
• follow through

bigger surface area

• preparatory windup -contributes to momentum of kick
• sequential movements of kicking leg
• swings the kicking leg through a full range of motion at hip
• use trunk rotation - maxamize ROM
• use arms in opposition to legs

• extend arms forward and drop ball as final leg stride is taken
• leap onto supporting leg and swing the punting leg up to make contact
• keep kicking leg-knee nearly straight and toes pointed at time of contact

• apply linear force to strike
• differentiated trunk rotation
• full range of motion
• swing horizaontal plane and extend arms before contact
• linking of movements creates greatest force

grasping an object usually with hands or hand

• power grips- infant squeezes an object against palm without the thumb providing opposition- eventually use thumb
• at 9 months
• -precision grips - hold object between thumb and one or more fingers

• the objects shape and size have influence on grasp
• which influence individual, enviroment, and task

movement selected by individuals is related to their hand size compared with an object size which is called body scaling

adapting characteristics of the task and envirometn to the overall body size or size of a body componant

• ball size
• type of ball
• throwing distance
• trajectory of the ball

action carried out by those of different sizes because of the ratio of body size to object or dimension is the same

task or motor skills in which one anticipates the completion of a movement to coincide with the arrival of a moving obejct

meaningful information in the enviroment specifies action or movement possibilities of that enviroment and specific events

enviroment system concern for constant patterns of change

what drives the change from random and reflexive arm movements

• most common manipulative skill
• goal of catching is to retain possession of the onject you catch
• factors that are variables in catching:
• ball size, shape, speed

• ones personal judgement of his or her own capability, success, worthiness - it can be conveyed to others through words and actions
• it involves ones self evaluation both in general and in specific areas

communication

• internal
• stable
• controllable

• external
• unstable
• uncontrollable

• future expectations are higher
• unwillingness to try challenging tasks
• lack of effort
• avoidance of participation

• actual experiences
• vicarious expereinces
• verbal persuasion
• psychological state

• significant others
• social situations
• individual constraints

• gender
• race
• religion
• origin

process by which one leares a social role within groups with certain values, morals, and rules

Occurs when a parent or significant other encourages activities that are deemed “gender appropriate.”

• reduces need to remember a great deal of information
• allows effective use of cogitive process
• reduces amount of concious attention needed to perform task

• what we remember that we understand
• process of revising our knowlege of a topic

• rehearsal
• labeling
• grouping

• aging
• disease
• alzheimers disease

• declarative- factual info
• procedural- knowing how to do something with certain rules
• strategic- knowing general rules that apply to topics

action or behavior provided or permitted for an actor by the places, objects, and events in the enviroment

• stability in the kinematic values of a set of movements=
• keeping patterns in the enviroment constant