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Phagocytes
Animal cells that "ingest" bacteria and viruses that invade the body.
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Cytolysis
Bursting of a cell due to water diffusing into it.
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Sodium-Potassium pump
Carrier protien that actively transports sodium ions and potassium ions up their concentration gradients.
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Organelles
Well-defined intracellular bodies that perform specific functions for the cell.
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Isotonic
Concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal.
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Cytoplasm
Region of the cell that is within the plasma membrane that contains the fluid, cytoskeleton, and organelles except the nucleus.
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Chromosomes
Densely packed, coiled chromatin strands that signal a cell is about to divide.
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Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane of the nucleus.
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Phagocytosis
Endocytosis of large particles or whole cells.
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Pinocytosis
Endocytosis of solutes or fluids.
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Equilibrium
Equal concentration of molecules throughout a space.
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Central Vacuole
Fluid-filled organelles that store enzymes and metabolic wastes for plant cells.
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Organ System
Group of organs that work together to perform a set of related tasks.
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Tissue
Groups of cells that carry out a specific functions.
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Flagella
Hair like organelles that are long and less numerous on a cell then cilia.
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Nucleus
Large organelle near the center of the cell: controls most of the functions of the eukaryotic cells.
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Microtubules
Largest strands of the cytoskeleton; hollow tubes that extend outward from a central point near the nucleus.
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Microfilaments
Major component of the cytoskeleton; threads made of actin molecules linked together.
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Vesicle
Membrane-bound organelle formed by pinching off of the cell membrane during endocytosis.
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Ion Channels
Membrane protiens for passive transport of ions, such as calcium ions or chloride ions.
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Passive Transport
Movement across the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell.
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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Cytoskeleton
Network of thin tubes and filaments that crisscross the cytosol.
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Contractile Vacuoles
Organelles that collect and remove excess water from the cell.
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Eukaryotes
Organisms whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles.
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Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport for molecules that cannot diffuse rapidly through cell membranes on their own.
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Plastids
Plant organelles that contain DNA and are surrounded by two membranes; some contain pigments that absorb light.
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Chloroplasts
Plastid in which the energy of sunlight is converted into chemical energy in organic compunds.
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Ribosomes
Organelles made of protein and RNA that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
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Turgor Pressure
Pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall.
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Endocytosis
Process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, and large particles.
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Osmosis
Process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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Plasmolysis
Process of water leaving the cell through osmosis so that cells shrink away from the cell walls.
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Golgi Apparatus
Processing, packaging, and secreting organelle of the cell; series of flattened sacs.
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Exocytosis
Reverse of endocytosis; fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane to release their contents to the cell exterior.
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Cell Wall
Rigid layer that lies outside the cell's plasma membrane.
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Cell Theory
Scientific theory that describes cells as the basic unit of all living things.
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Organs
Several types of tissues that interact to perform a specific function.
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Cilia
Short, hair-like projections from the surface of a cell; where present, there are large numbers of them covering the cell's surface.
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Mitochondria
Site of chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compounds to ATP.
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Nucleolus
Dense area of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made.
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Hypertonic
Term referring to a solution when the concentration of solute molecules is higher than the concentration in the cytosol.
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Lysosomes
Vesicles that bud from the Golgi apparatus and that contain digestive enzymes.
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Cell
Smallest unit of matter that can carry on all of the processes of life.
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Carrier Proteins
Specific membrane proteins that assist in facilitated diffusion.
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Thylakoids
System of flattened, membranous sacs inside the chloroplast.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
System of membranous tubules and saces; two types smooth and rough.
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Plasma Membrane
Outer boundary of a cell that acts as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell.
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Acitve Transport
Trasport across a membrane from an area of lower concentration to a higher concentration; requires the expenditure of energy.
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Cytosol
Part of the cytoplasm that includes molecules and small particles; 20% made of protein.
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Prokaryotes
Unicellular organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles.
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Hypotonic
Term referring to a solution when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cyosol.
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Concentration Gradient
Differences in the concentration of molecules across a distance.
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Phospholipid Bilayer
Double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.
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Centrioles
Consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each toher and are situated in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope.
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Chlorophyll
The main molecule that absorbs light and captures light energy for the cell.
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