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GI tract
continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus
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Organs of the GI tract
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
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Accessory digestive structures
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallblader, pancrease
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Teeth
aid in the physical breakdown of food
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tongue
assists in chewing and swallowing
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other digestive accessory functions
produce or store secretions aiding in the breakdown of food
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first step of digestion
mastication
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Oropharynx epithelium
stratified squamous
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Parotid Gland
serous secreting
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Parotid gland location
under and infront of each ear
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Serous secreting glands
secrete thin watery fluid containing digestive enzymes
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Sublingual Gland location
under the tongue
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Sublingual gland
mucus secreting
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mucus secreting glands
secrete a viscous secretion which lubricates the food being broken down in the mouth
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Submandibular gland location
located near the angle of the jaw
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Pharynx
acts as a conduit to the stomach
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esophagus
acts as a conduit to the stomach
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esophageal hiatus
where the esophagus goes through the diaphragm
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hiatal hernia
when the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus
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swallowing
moves a lump of moistened food from the mouth to the stomach
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bolus
lump of moistened food
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first stage of swallowing
voluntary stage in which the bolus moves to the oropharynx
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second stage of swallowing
pharyngeal stage, the involuntary passage of the bolus through the pharynx into the esophagus
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Third stage of swallowing
esophageal stage, involuntary passage of the bolus through the esophagus into the stomach
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Peristalsis
food is pushed through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements
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functions of the stomach
mixing area and holding reservoir
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stomach
chemical digestion continues, solid foods are mixed with gastric juice
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chyme
solid foods mixed with gastric juice
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Path of food through the stomach
Cardia-->Fundus-->Body-->pylorus
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lesser omentum
binds the stomach to the liver
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greater omentum
connects the stomach to the transverse colon
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cardia
small area surrounding the esophageal opening
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fundus
above the level of the esophageal opening
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body
extends from the fundus to the pylorus
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Pylorus
extends from the body to the duodenum
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pyloric sphincter
controls the amount of material leaving the stomach
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rugae
longitudinal folds of the mucosa; distend with food
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small intestines
major site of digestion and absorption
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Path through the small intestine
Duodenum--> Jejunum--> ileum
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circular folds
increase surface area for absorption in stomach
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functions of the large intestines
fluid reabsorption and storage of fecal matter
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ileocecal valve
separates the ileum from the cecum
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appendix
tube like extension of cecum
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internal and external anal sphincters
control the output of the anus
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taeniae coli
external longitudunal muscle coat of large intestine
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liver
produces and secretes bile
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hepatic duct
transports bile from the liver to the gallbladder
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bile becomes _____concentrated the longer it stays in the gallbladder
more
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overconcentration of bile forms
gallstones
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hepatic portal vein
entrance of blood vessels that absorb nutrients into liver
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hepatic artery
entrance of oxygenated blood to the liver
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pancrease
synthesizes digestive enzymes
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pancreatic islets
produce insulin and glucagon
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acinar cells
make enzymes that break down proteins
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4 layers if GI tract
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa/ adventitia
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3 layers of mucosa
epithelial, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
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lamina propria
contains blood vessels, nerve endings, and glands
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muscularis mucosae
thin layer of smooth muscle
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submucosa
contains blood and lymph vessels and lymph nodes, glands, nerves
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muscularis
inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle with myenteric plexus in the middle
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adventitia
anchors structures to organs
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serosa
continuous peritoneum
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autorhythmicity of smooth muscle of the GI tract is controlled by___
submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus
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number of sphincters
3; stomach and duodenum, small and large intestine, anus
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sphincters
control passage of food
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Esophagus epithelium
stratified squamous
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stomach epithelium
simple columnar
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stomach has gastric ___
pits
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Fundic body of stomach has ____ and ____ cells located in the mucosa
parietal and cheif
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Parietal cells are located in ____ and secrete____
mucosa of the stomach; HCl
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duodenum epithelium
simple columnar
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Duodenum goblet cells
YES
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Duodenum has ______ glands
Brunner's
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duodenum have ____ shaped villi
leaf
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Jejunum epithelium
simple columnar cells
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jejunum has _____ shaped villi
club
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jejunum sub mucosa has _____ glands
no
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Brunner's glands
alkalyne secretions that increase pH
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Ileum epithelium
simple columnar
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ileum has ___shaped villi
finger
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Ileum mucosa and submucosa has ______ ________
Peyer's patches
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Colon epithelium
simple columnar
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Colon has almost all _____ cells
goblet
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Rectum epithelium
simple columnar
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rectum has almost all _____ cells
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Anus epithelium
stratified squamous
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Adventitia becomes serosa in _____ and returns in ______
Stomach; Rectum
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Kupffer cells
fixed phagocytic cells lining the hepatic sinusoids
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sinusoids
tiny channels where exchange of materials occurs
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canaliculi
drainage ditches between parallel columns of the back to back liver cells
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bile
detergent like molecule that serves to emulsify dietary fats
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path of bile
bile canaliculi--> Bile Duct--> common hepatic duct-->galbladder
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hepatocyte
secretes bile; forms sinusoids
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