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coelenterates (cnidaria)
- radial symmetry, has a nerve net for nerve system, conduct impulses throughout entire body
- synapses communicate bidirectionally, have simple receptors for light, balance, chemical detection, touch
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annelids
has a paired ventral nerve crod and primitive brain, segements with ganglion in each, brain connected to first ventral ganglion, each segmented ganglion gets sensory info and local control of muscle
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arthropods
- anterior fused to form more complex brain, brain connected to first ventral ganglion, double nerve chord extends from first gnaglion to segmented ganglia down the whole body
- has two specialized ganglion
- subesophgeal ganglion: controls mouth parts
- stomatogastric ganglia: controls vicera
- some activities regulated by central pattern generators
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molluscs
- up to 6 ganglia
- each associated with certain motor/sensory function, very large neurons ideal for experiments
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medulla
- myelincephalon
- for basic functions like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
- place where many cranial nerves enter and exit
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pons
- metencephalon
- motor control, reticular activating system
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cerebellum
- metencephalon
- "little brain"
- for movement, balance, posture
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midbrain
- mesencephalon
- includes tectum, tegmentum, and red nucleus (motor centers)
- for vision, audition, eye movement, body movement, arousal/attention
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hypothalamus
- diencephalon
- controls body temperature, feeding, drinking, pituitary (hormones), circadiam rhythms, emotions
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tectum
- in mesencephalon
- auditory and visual reflexes
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tegmentum
- mesencephalon
- involved in unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways
-
thalamus
- diencephalon
- receives sensory info from lower areas and relays info to cerebral cortext (can transmit signals back down to lower parts)
- integrates sensory and motor function
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olfactory bulbs
- telecephalon?
- sticks forward out of the brain
- has areas where it connects to hypothalamus and cortext (reason why smell is strong sense feeling wise
- for smell
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limbic system
- telencephalon
- includes amygdala, hippocampus, mammillary bodies and cingulate gyrus
- control emotional response
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basal ganglia
- telencephalon
- include globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, putamen, and substantia nigra
- important for coordinating movement
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corpus callosum
connects left and right cerebral hemispheres together
-
neocortex
- part of cerebral cortex
- for sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought, and language
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hippocampus
- telencephalon
- part of limbic system for learning and memory
-
cortex
- telencephalon
- bumps are called gyrus and groves area called sulcus
- functions to thought, voluntary movement, language, reasoning, perception, awareness
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