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On what two areas of study was psychology based?
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Science of mental processes and behavior
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What is a hypothesis?
A testable prediction derived from the theory
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What is naturalistic observation?
Observing and recording the behavior of animals in the wild and recording self-seating patterns in a multiracial school lunchroom constitute naturalistic observation
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What is a problem with the case study approach?
They suffer from limitations
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What is a population and what is a sample?
Population consists of the entire group of individuals that one wishes to study Sampling- population, random sample
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What is correlational research?
Often when observing behavior one might notice that several behaviors tend to occur together
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What values can correlation coefficients take on?
A statistical measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables
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What is a major advantage of experimental research?
It has a backbone of psychology research
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What is a dependent variable?
affected by the independent variable
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What is a placebo?
placebo is a pill or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect
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What are the three major stages in most memory models?
Sensory memory- Short-tem memory- Long-term memory-
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What is iconic memory?
Visual memory that is held in sensory memory
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What is semantic memory?
Remembers word meanings (a dog is an animal); concepts (heat rises); general facts (my dog is named Oliver)
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What is distributed practice?
Spacing the repetitions of to-be-remembered information over time
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What is the serial position effect?
How well items are recalled
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What is the method of loci? Know how it works.
A mnemonic device in which you choose some pathway, such as moving through the rooms in your house, and hen form visual images of the to-be-remembered items sitting in locations along the pathway
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How long can information last in short-term memory if it is being rehearsed?
18-20 seconds
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What is meant by the term “savings” in terms of memory research?
Measured how long it took to relearn the same material after various delay
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What is the typical pattern of forgetting as found by Ebbinghaus?
Forgetting is initially rapid and levels off with time
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What is decay theory?
Short-term memories are lost spontaneously over time, unless the memories are kept active through rehearsal
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What is proactive interference?
A process in which old memories interfere with the establishment and recovery of new memories
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What is the definition of the conscious mind according to Freud?
Current awareness- things that occupy the focus of your attention at the moment
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What is the superego?
The part of a person’s mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers
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What is the ego?
A person’s sense of self-esteem or self-importance
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How does the ego-defense mechanism “repression” work?
A process that keeps anxiety producing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
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How does “reaction formation” work in terms of an ego defense?
You behave in a way that is counter to how you feel
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Who proposed the notion of “fixation” and what does it mean?
Watson- the inability to see a problem from a fresh or new perspective
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What is the second stage in Freud’s psychosexual stage model?
Anal stage- occurring in the 2nd year of life; pleasure is derived from the process of defecation
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What are the characteristics of the oral stage in Freud’s model?
Oral stage- first year of life, pleasure is derived primarily from sucking and placing things in mouth
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What is the order of stages in Freud’s model?
Oral, anal, phallic
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What are the characteristics of the anal stage in Freud’s model?
Pleasure arises
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What is the genital stage and when does it occur in Freud’s model?
Final stage, when one develops mature sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex
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