Biology exam 2

There are three main types of connective tissue

Loser fibers create loose, open framework
Dense fibers are densely packed.

Cartliage
Solid yet flexible matrix
Bone
Solid and rigid matrix

Blood
contained in blood vessels
Lymph
Contained in lymphatic vessels

Fine collagen fibers (location: nose, ends of long bones and fetal skeleton)

More elastic fibers than cartilage fibers (location: outer ear)

Strong collagen fibers (location: disks between vertebrae)

Made of repeating circular units called osteons which contain the hard matrix and living cells and blood vessels (Location: shafts of long bone)

An open, latticework with irregular spaces (Location: ends of long bones)

Made of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular components that are called formed elements

Cells that carry oxygen

Cells that fight infection

Pieces of cells that clot blood

The three types of muscle tissues in humans

Has striated cells with multiple nuclei
Occurs in muscles attached to skeleton
Functions in voluntary movement of body

Has spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus
Cells have no striations
Functions in movement of substances in lumens of body
is involuntary
is found in blood vessel walls and walls of hte digestive tract

has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus
occurs in the wall of the heart
functions in the pumping of blood
is involuntary

Allows for communication between cells through sensory input, integration of data and motor input

Made of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon

Carry information toward the cell body

Carry information towards a cell body

A collection of cells that support and nourish neurons
Outnumber neurons 9:1

One layer of cells

More than one layer of cells

Appears to have layers but only has one layer

Cube-shaped

Column-shaped

Flattened

Protects the body from physical trauma, invasion by pathogens and water loss
Helps regulate body temperature
ALlows us to be aware of our surrounding through sensory receptors
Synthesizes chemicals such as melanin and vitamin D

Epidermis
Dermis

Type of white blood cells that help fight pathogens

The thin, outermost layer of the skin.

Produce melanin that lend to skin color and protection fro UV light.

The thick, inner layer of the skin.

the most common yet least deadly form of skin cancer

the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the least common

What are the organ systems of the human body?

What are the body cavaties?

Lines the cavities of freely movable joints

Cover the brain and spinal cord

lining of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems

line lungs, heart, abdominal cavity and cover the internal organs; named after their location
Pleura: lungs
Peritoneum: abdominal cavity and organs
Pericardium: heart

The ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the body

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

What is the main pathway of blood in the body?

Small veins that receive blood from the capillaries

Carry blood toward the heart

How many chambers does the heart have?

How is the heartbeat controlled?

The pressure against a blood vessel wall, usually measured in an artery in the arm.

The highest pressure is during blood ejection from the heart

The lowest pressure when the ventricles relax

What is blood pressure controlled by?

If blood pressure is so low in the veins why does the blood flow increase?

What are the two cardiovascular pathways in the body?

the right side of the heart that brings blood from the body to the heart and the lungs

the left side of the heart that brings blood to the entire body to deliver nutrients and rid it of wastes

What is the hepatic portal system?

Disorders of the blood vessels

High blood pressure results when blood moves through vessels at a rate higher than normal often due to arterial plaque

A build up of plaque in blood vessels

Usually occurs when a cranial artery is blocked or bursts

Also known as a myocardial infarction (MI)

A ballooning of a blood vessel

What are the functions of blood?

Name three majot types of plasma proteins

most abundant and important for plasma’s osmotic pressure as well as transportation

Alos important in trasnportation

Important for the formation of blood clots

a condition resulting from too few RBC’s or hemoglobin that causes a run-down feeling

a condition resulting from too few RBC’s or hemoglobin that causes a run-down feeling

a condition with incompatible blood types that leads to rupturing of blood cells in a baby before and continuing after birth

How are white blood cells categorized?

Contain noticeable granules, lobed nuclei
-Eosinophil
-Basophil
-Neutrophil

No granules, nonlobed nuclei
-Lymphocyte
-Monocyte

Upon infection they move out of circulation into tissues to use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens

Many large granulesfunction in parasitic infections and play a role in allergies

Release histamine related to allergic reactions

Develop into B and T cells that are important in the immune system

Macrophages use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens

an inherited disease in which stem cells of WBC’s lack an enzyme that allows them to fight any infection

groups of cancers that affect white blood cells in which cells proliferate without control

also known as the “kissing disease” occurs when the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects lymphocytes resulting in fatigue, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes

a disorder in which the number of platelets is too low due to not enough being made in the bone marrow or the increased breakdown outside the marrow

when a clot forms and breaks off from its site of origin and plugs another vessel

a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of a clotting factor so that when a person damages a blood vessel they are unable to properly clot their blood both internally and externally

a foreign substance, often a polysaccharide or a protein, that stimulates an immune response

proteins made in response to an antigen in the body and bind to that antigen

transfer of blood from one individual into another individual

Rh blood groups

Microbes are very abundant in:

We use microbes for?

Some microbes cause disease in humans called

Microscopic organisms and particles that include:
Bacteria
Viruses
Prions
Others (fungi, multicellular parasites, single-celled protistans)

Small, non-living obligate parasites

Composed of specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function in the body.

Binds and supports body parts

Moves the body and its parts

receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses

Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities

What are prions?

What are hte 4 functions of the lymphatic system?

One-way valve system that carries fluid called lymph
Made of capillaries, vessels and ducts
Function to return tissue fluid (includes water, solutes and cell products) to the bloodstream
The larger vessels are similar in structure to veins and even have valves

Classifying lymphatic organs

Produce plasma cells and memory cells

Regulate immune response; produce cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

Secrete cytokines that help many immune cells function

Have vacuoles containing granzymes and perforins
Perforins punch holes in target cells followed by granzymes that cause the cell to undergo apoptosis

What are the two types of immunity?

Active Immunity

Passive immunity

What are the disorders of the immune system?

A disease in which cytotoxic T cells or antibodies attack the body’s own cells as if they were foreign
Examples: multiple sclerosis, lupus, myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis

A disease in which the immune system is compromised and thus unable to defend the body against disease
Examples: AIDS and SCID