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Early forms of Policing
- constables, beadles, magistrates
- night watchmen doing "rounds"
- mutual pledge/frank pledge system: required by law to participate in watch
- thief takers and "bounties"
- Shire-reeve (sheriff)
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John and Henry Fieldings
- Bow Street runners- foot patrol
- horse patrol
- crime publications (people made aware of crimes)
- neighborhood watch
- wanted posters
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Sir Robert Peel
- Helped create the modern concept of the police force
- Officers were called "bobbies" and "peelers"
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Federal Agencies
- FBI: federal bureau of investigation
- CIA: central intelligence agency
- US Marshals: in charge of protecting court houses, witness protection
- Coast Guard: homeland security
- ATF: alcohol, tobacco, fire arms
- ICE: imigration and customs enforcement
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State Agencies
- Highway patrol
- State bureau of investigations
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Local/Municipal Agencies
- City park police
- Sherrifs department
- City police
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Private Security
- corporate police: background checks/on site security
- campus police
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Reserve Policing
- similar to Army reserve
- trained just like all police officers
- serve only when needed
- has an everyday job
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Vigilante Justice
everyday people who believe that police can't protect us all of the time so they take matters into their own hands
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Divisions inside of large police departments
- emergency services
- major crimes
- special opporations
- metro
- juveniale
- vice
- narco
- robbery-homicide
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Community Policing
Collaborative effort between the police and the community to identify the problems of crime/disorder and develop solutions
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Police discretion
the freedom to choose among a variety of alternatives in conducting police operations
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Search Warrant
- document issued by judge allowing police to search any personal property or home of suspect
- must have probable cause to get one
- Time restraint: 48 hrs
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Arrest warrant
- Simmilar to search warrant but it is to make an arrest of a suspect
- Time restraint: 30 days
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Who can issue a warrant?
a judge/magistrate
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Illinois vs. Gates
In establishing probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant, magistrates ma make a commonsense decision whether there is a fair probability that the contraband can be found in a particular place
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Exceptions allowing police to search without warrants
- consent
- hot pursuit
- exigency
- plain fiew
- inventory
- abandoned property
- open fields
- private citizen search
- boarder search
- administrative
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consent
given by home owner
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hot pursuit
chasing suspect to home after oberved a felony
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exigency
enter to help people in home to save a life
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plain view
traffic stop --> sees illigal item sitting out in car
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inventory
arrestees property is inventoried/searched
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abandoned property
no owner, police can enter
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private citizen search
- citizen searches anothers property and turns contraban into police
- police can not ask a citizen to do this, must be done on their own vilition
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border search
able to do this in the interest of national security
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administrative search
businesses (that sell alcohol)/schools can be searched at any time
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Terry vs. Ohio
if an officer believes a crime is about to be commited, he is allowed to search the suspect's outer clothing
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Chimel vs. California
- the lunge area rule
- when arresting an individual, can only search in immediate area of individual after arrest
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Minnesota vs. Dickerson
- established "plain feel"
- if performing a Terry frisk and a weapon is found, it can be seized
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Delaware vs. Prouse
police can't radomly stop motorists to check license/registration without probable cause
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Mapp vs. Ohio
evidence collected by violating 4th ammendment rights must be excluded from trial
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Escrobedo vs. Illinois
when suspect is being accused of commiting a crime, they have the right to talk to their attorney
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Miranda vs. Arizona
officers must read miranda rights
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