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What processes do hormones control?
- Reproduction
- Growth and Development
- Body defenses
- Homeostasis
- Regulates Metabolism
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What do hormones do?
Regulate the activity of other cells.
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What are the 3 types of hormones?
- Amino-Acid Based
- Steroids
- Prostaglandins
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3 Examples of Amino-Acid Based hormones:
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What are steroids made of?
Cholesterol
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What are Prostaglandins made of?
Highly active lipids.
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How do steroid hormones operate?
- Enters cell and nucleus.
- Make new protiens
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How do Non-Steroid hormones work?
- Binds to membrane receptor.
- Does not enter cell
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What are the 3 types of Endocrine Gland hormone release?
- Hormonal - By other hormones
- Humoral - Ions levels
- Neural - Nerve impulses - sympathetic nervous system
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What protects the pituitary gland?
Sphenoid Bone
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What are the 2 functional lobes of the pituitary gland?
- Anterior pituitary - glandular tissue
- Posterior pituitary - nervous tissue
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What are the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Lutanizing Hormone (LH)
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What are the characteristics of of all anterior pituitary hormones?
- Protiens
- Act through second messenger systems
- Regulated by hormonal stimuli
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What is Growth Hormone (GH), and how does it work?
Metabolic hormone that effects growth, builds protien and breaks down fat.
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What does the hormone Prolactin (PRL) do?
- Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
- Its function in males is unknown.
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What is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex.
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What is Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Influences growth and activity of the thyroid.
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What is Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?
Stimulates follicle development in ovaries, and sperm development in males.
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What is Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?
- Triggers ovulation
- Causes ruptured follicles to become the corpus luteum
- Stimulates testosterone production in males
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What is Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)?
The equivalent of LH in males, controls testosterone production.
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What are the hormones of the Posterior Pituitary?
- Oxytocin
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - sometimes called vasopressin
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What does Oxytocin do?
- Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor
- Causes milk ejection
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What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do?
- Can inhibit urine production
- In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure
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How is the Thyroid gland constructed?
Consists of 2 lobes, with a connecting "isthmus"
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What 2 hormones does the Thyroid gland produce?
- Thyroid Hormone
- Calcitonin
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What is thyroid hormone composed of?
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
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What is Calcitonin and what does it do?
- An antagonist hormone to parathyroid hormone
- Produced by C cells
- Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
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What does parathyroid hormone do?
- Raise calcium levels in blood
- Stimulate kidneys and intestines to absorb more calcium
- Stimulate osterclasts to remove calcium from bone
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What are the 2 parts of the Adrenal Glands?
- Cortex - outer glandular region - has 3 layers.
- Medulla - inner neural tissue region.
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What are the 3 hormones of the Adrenal Cortex?
- Mineralocorticoids
- Glucocorticoids
- Sex Hormones
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Where are mineralcorticoids produced?
Outerlayer of the adrenal cortex.
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What does mineralocorticoids do?
(water balance & blood pressure)
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What is the target organ of mineralocorticoids?
The Kidney
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What does Aldosterone do?
Causes the kidneys to absorb more salt and water, causing increased blood pressure and volume.
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What is the stress hormone in the body?
Cortisol
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What are Glucocorticoids?
Hormone produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex.
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What do Glucocorticoids do?
- Promote normal cell metabolism
- Help resist long-term stressors
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When are Glucocorticoids released?
In response to increased blood levels of ACTH
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What are sex hormones?
- Androgens (male)
- Estrogen (female)
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Where are the sex hormones produced?
The inner layer of the adrenal cortex
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What are the hormones of the Adrenal Medulla?
- Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
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What do the hormones of the Adrenal Medulla do?
Prepare the body to deal with short-term stress
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What are pancreatic islets?
The parts of the pancreas that produces hormones.
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What hormones are produced by the pancreas and what do they do?
- Insulin
- Glucogon
- Maintain blood sugar homeostasis
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What is Insulin?
(Drives sugars into the cells)
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What is Glucagon?
(Forces sugar out of the cells, into the blood)
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What is the Pineal Gland?
Gland found on the 3rd ventricle of the brain, housed within the epithalamus.
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What does the Pineal Gland do?
Secretes Melatonin to regulate the body's sleep/wake cycles.
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What does the Thymus do?
Produces Thymosin, which is important to the development of the immune system.
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What are the hormones of the Ovaries?
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Where in the ovaries is Estrogen produced?
Grafian Follicles and the placenta
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What are the 5 functions of Estrogen?
- Development of secondary female characteristics
- Helps prepare the uterus for the fertilized egg
- Helps maintain pregnancy
- Prepares breasts for milk production
- Matures the female reproductive organs
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Where in the ovaries is Progesterone produced?
Corpus Luteum
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What does Progesterone do?
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What are the hormones of the testes?
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Where in the testes are hormones produced?
Interstitial Cells
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What does testosterone and other androgens do?
- Adult male secondary sex characteristics
- Matures male reproductive system
- Required for sperm cell production
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What are some "other" areas of the body that produce hormones?
- Small Intestive
- Stomach
- Kidneys
- Heart
- Scattered throughout the body
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