-
What processes do hormones control?
- Reproduction
- Growth and Development
- Body defenses
- Homeostasis
- Regulates Metabolism
-
What do hormones do?
Regulate the activity of other cells.
-
What are the 3 types of hormones?
- Amino-Acid Based
- Steroids
- Prostaglandins
-
3 Examples of Amino-Acid Based hormones:
-
What are steroids made of?
Cholesterol
-
What are Prostaglandins made of?
Highly active lipids.
-
How do steroid hormones operate?
- Enters cell and nucleus.
- Make new protiens
-
How do Non-Steroid hormones work?
- Binds to membrane receptor.
- Does not enter cell
-
What are the 3 types of Endocrine Gland hormone release?
- Hormonal - By other hormones
- Humoral - Ions levels
- Neural - Nerve impulses - sympathetic nervous system
-
What protects the pituitary gland?
Sphenoid Bone
-
What are the 2 functional lobes of the pituitary gland?
- Anterior pituitary - glandular tissue
- Posterior pituitary - nervous tissue
-
What are the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Lutanizing Hormone (LH)
-
What are the characteristics of of all anterior pituitary hormones?
- Protiens
- Act through second messenger systems
- Regulated by hormonal stimuli
-
What is Growth Hormone (GH), and how does it work?
Metabolic hormone that effects growth, builds protien and breaks down fat.
-
What does the hormone Prolactin (PRL) do?
- Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
- Its function in males is unknown.
-
What is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex.
-
What is Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Influences growth and activity of the thyroid.
-
What is Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?
Stimulates follicle development in ovaries, and sperm development in males.
-
What is Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?
- Triggers ovulation
- Causes ruptured follicles to become the corpus luteum
- Stimulates testosterone production in males
-
What is Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)?
The equivalent of LH in males, controls testosterone production.
-
What are the hormones of the Posterior Pituitary?
- Oxytocin
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - sometimes called vasopressin
-
What does Oxytocin do?
- Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor
- Causes milk ejection
-
What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do?
- Can inhibit urine production
- In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure
-
How is the Thyroid gland constructed?
Consists of 2 lobes, with a connecting "isthmus"
-
What 2 hormones does the Thyroid gland produce?
- Thyroid Hormone
- Calcitonin
-
What is thyroid hormone composed of?
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
-
What is Calcitonin and what does it do?
- An antagonist hormone to parathyroid hormone
- Produced by C cells
- Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
-
What does parathyroid hormone do?
- Raise calcium levels in blood
- Stimulate kidneys and intestines to absorb more calcium
- Stimulate osterclasts to remove calcium from bone
-
What are the 2 parts of the Adrenal Glands?
- Cortex - outer glandular region - has 3 layers.
- Medulla - inner neural tissue region.
-
What are the 3 hormones of the Adrenal Cortex?
- Mineralocorticoids
- Glucocorticoids
- Sex Hormones
-
Where are mineralcorticoids produced?
Outerlayer of the adrenal cortex.
-
What does mineralocorticoids do?
(water balance & blood pressure)
-
What is the target organ of mineralocorticoids?
The Kidney
-
What does Aldosterone do?
Causes the kidneys to absorb more salt and water, causing increased blood pressure and volume.
-
What is the stress hormone in the body?
Cortisol
-
What are Glucocorticoids?
Hormone produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex.
-
What do Glucocorticoids do?
- Promote normal cell metabolism
- Help resist long-term stressors
-
When are Glucocorticoids released?
In response to increased blood levels of ACTH
-
What are sex hormones?
- Androgens (male)
- Estrogen (female)
-
Where are the sex hormones produced?
The inner layer of the adrenal cortex
-
What are the hormones of the Adrenal Medulla?
- Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
-
What do the hormones of the Adrenal Medulla do?
Prepare the body to deal with short-term stress
-
What are pancreatic islets?
The parts of the pancreas that produces hormones.
-
What hormones are produced by the pancreas and what do they do?
- Insulin
- Glucogon
- Maintain blood sugar homeostasis
-
What is Insulin?
(Drives sugars into the cells)
-
What is Glucagon?
(Forces sugar out of the cells, into the blood)
-
What is the Pineal Gland?
Gland found on the 3rd ventricle of the brain, housed within the epithalamus.
-
What does the Pineal Gland do?
Secretes Melatonin to regulate the body's sleep/wake cycles.
-
What does the Thymus do?
Produces Thymosin, which is important to the development of the immune system.
-
What are the hormones of the Ovaries?
-
Where in the ovaries is Estrogen produced?
Grafian Follicles and the placenta
-
What are the 5 functions of Estrogen?
- Development of secondary female characteristics
- Helps prepare the uterus for the fertilized egg
- Helps maintain pregnancy
- Prepares breasts for milk production
- Matures the female reproductive organs
-
Where in the ovaries is Progesterone produced?
Corpus Luteum
-
What does Progesterone do?
-
What are the hormones of the testes?
-
Where in the testes are hormones produced?
Interstitial Cells
-
What does testosterone and other androgens do?
- Adult male secondary sex characteristics
- Matures male reproductive system
- Required for sperm cell production
-
What are some "other" areas of the body that produce hormones?
- Small Intestive
- Stomach
- Kidneys
- Heart
- Scattered throughout the body
|
|