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What is lifespan development?
- The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues until death
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Why study lifespan development?
We need to know what is considered normal so that we can understand what is abnormal
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What are the 6 divisions of lifespan
- - prenatal
- - infancy
- - childhood
- - adolescence
- - adulthood
- - senescence
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Nagi Model
- - PTs use most often
- - Introduced as an alternative model to the medical model of disease
- - Describes health as a product of the relationship between health and function
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What are the 4 subcategories of the Nagi Model?
- - Pathology
- - Imapirment
- - Functional Limitation
- - Disability
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Pathology
(Nagi model)
- - physician's medical diagnosis
- - cellular level
- - interruption of normal processes
- - signs and symptoms
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Impairment
(Nagi Model)
- - Result of pathology
- - Organ, tissue and system level
- - Abnormality of structure or functio
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Functional Limitation
(Nagi Model)
- - Level of the whole person
- - Inability to perform usual activities
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Disability
(Nagi Model)
- - Limitation in performance of socially defined roles and tasks
- - Extent determined by the patient's social culture and physical environment
- - Over time, functional limitations have not been overcome enough to maintain normal performance
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OT goal is to ....
reduce activity limitations at both the medical and societal levels
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What is occupation?
the activities that occupy people's tima and give their life a meaning
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PT Frame of Reference
disablement is the key concept and is related to quality of life which is impacted by the level of functional limitation and handicap
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Physical function
sensorimotor skills required to perform ADLs and goal directed movement
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Psychological function
intellectual activities such as motivation, concentration, problem solving and judgement.
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Affective Function
Allows a person to cope with everyday stresses, anxiety, depression, emotional well-being and self-esteem.
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Social function
ability to interact with other people and successfully complete roles and obligations.
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Theory of Cognitive Development
Individuals ultimate goal is to master the environment
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Adaptation
basic need to permit a person to function in a given environment
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Assimilation
- Changing elements of the environment so they can be incorporated into the organism's structure.
- eg: all 4 legged animals are dogs
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Accomodation
- Changing of function in accordance with the environment.
- eg: a cow is a big dog
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What are the 4 stages of Piaget's
- - Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
- - Preoperational (2 - 7 years)
- - Concrete Operatioion (7-10 years)
- - Formal Operations (12+)
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Erikson's Theory
- - Trust vs. Mistrust
- - Autonomy vs. Shame
- - Initiative vs. guilt
- - Industry vs. Inferiority
- - Intimacy vs. Isolation
- - Identity vs. role confusion
- - Generativity vs. stagnation
- - Ego vs dispair
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Freud's Stages
- - Oral
- - Anal
- - Phallic
- - Latency
- - Genital
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Mazlow's theory of motivation
- A person must achieve basic needs before moving to a higher levels of needs
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Types of needs for Mazlow's
- 1) Self-actualization needs - realizing one's full potential as a human being
- 2) Esteem needs - need to feel good about one's capabilities, be respected by others and receive respect and appreciation.
- 3) Affiliative needs - need for stability, security and a safe environment.
- 4) Physiological needs -
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2 theories of learning
- - Pavlov's
- - Skinners theory of Operant Conditioning
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Skinner's 4 consequences
- - Positive reinforcement
- - Negative reinforcement
- - Extinction
- - Punishment
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Skinner's types of reinforcement
- - Continuous
- - Partial
- - Fixed interval
- - Variable interval
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3 domains of human performance
- - Cognitive
- - Affective
- - Psychomotor
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Guideline's for program design to promote learning
- - design a program that incorporates patient's past experiences
- - encourage patient to play active role in their program
- - demonstrate relevance
- - Provide opportunities for practive and feedback
- - recognize improvement in patients performance
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Two theories of development
- - Heirarchial
- - Dynamic Systems
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Heierarchial Theory
- - Traditional model
- - CNS is the prime determinant of human motor function
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Dynamic Systems Theory
- - Motor control is a result of many portion of the nervous system
- - Behavior is the result of variable interaction of a number of complex systems
- - Emergent/Anticipatory control
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Emergent control
- - present
- - task is altered in many ways to meet current conditions
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Anticipatory control
- - Future
- - Task will be altered to meet environment
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4 areas of cultural schemas
- - Personal: traits exhibited by a person
- - Self: culturally supported traits that are assigned to self
- - Role: person's social position within the culture
- - Event: culturally predicted order and sequence of event
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Types of poverty
- - Absolute: basic needs are a challenge
- - Relative: can afford basic necesseties but, cannot maintain average lifestyle
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Periods of development
- - Prenatal: conception to birth
- - Infancy: birth to 18/24 months
- - Early childhood: infancy to 5/6
- - Middle/Late childhood: 5/6-11
- - Adolescence: 10/12-20/22
- - Early Adulthood: 20/22-39
- - Middle Adulthood: -60's
- - Late Adulthood (young-old) 65-74
- - Late Adulthood (old-old): 75 on
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Social Theories of Aging
- - Disengagement theory: turning inward and distancing one self from family/friends
- - Activity Theory: Activity is positively correlated with happiness in old age, when activity ceases, we die!
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Components of movement that need to be considered in therapy
- - Flexibility
- - Balance
- - Coordination
- - Power
- - Endurance
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