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Acute vs. Chronic
- - Acute has sudden onset and short symptom life.
- - Chronic occurs when injury, repair and healing occur simultaneously and one cannot overtake another
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Anatomical vs. Clinical pathology
- - Anatomical refers to something wrong strucurally.
- - Clinical refers to something being wrong functionally.
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What are the 2 types of defense mehanisms in the immune system?
- - Innate/Nonspecific will attack anything
- - Adaptive/specific - will attack only one specific item
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Most common cause of cell injury
hypoxia - lack of oxygen
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Obstacles for normal repair
- - Infection
- - Poor nutrition
- - Steroid drug use
- - Poor blood supply
- - Foreign bodies
- - Mechanical Factors
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What is repair?
The restoration of the body to normal
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Four cardinal signs of inflammation
- - redness (rubor)
- - pain (dolor)
- - swelling (tumor)
- - heat (calor)
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Diaphysis is made up of?
compact bone
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Epiphysis is made up of?
Spongy bone
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Epiphyseal Plate vs Epiphyseal Line
- - The plate is where the growth takes place, if an injury occurs here, growth could be impacted.
- - The line is formed after the growth is final.
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Closed vs. Open fractures
- - Closed fracture the break does not penetrate the skin
- - Open fracture the break penetrates the skin
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What is reduction?
setting the bone .... you are REDUCING the amount of space within the bone fracture
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What is immobilization?
casting
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Comminuted Fracture
Bone breaks into many fragments
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Compression fracture
The b
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Compression Fracture
The bone is crushed
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Depressed Fracture
Broken bone portion is pressed inward
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Impacted Fracture
Broken bone ends are forced into each other
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Spiral Fracture
Ragged break resulting from exessive twisting force on a bone
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Greenstick fracture
Bone does not break completely.
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What are the steps of healing
- 1) hematoma forms
- 2) Fibrocartilage callus forms
- 3) Bony callus forms
- 4) Bone remodeling
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Complications of a fracture
- 1) muscle spasms
- 2) infection
- 3) ischemia
- 4) comaprtment syndrome
- 5) Fat emboli
- 6) Nonunion
- 7) Malunion
- 8) Nerve Damage
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What is the treatment for osteoporosis?
- - Proper Nutrition (Calcium and Vitamin D)
- - Exercise (Improves bone health & Increases surrounding muscular stability)
- - Safety Issues to Prevent Falls
- - Therapeutic Medication
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What are the contraindications for osteoporosis?
- - AVOID FLEXION EXERCISES
- - Be careful of shearing or rotational activities
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What are the causes of cellular injury?
- - Hypoxia––most common
- - Direct physical action
- - Ionizing radiation
- - Toxic molecular injury
- - Microbes
- - Inflammatory and immune reactions
- - Nutritional imbalance
- - Genetic defects
- - Aging
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What is gout?
- - A painful condition that occurs when the bodily waste product uric acid is deposited as needle-like crystals in the joints and/or soft tissues.
- - In the joints, these uric acid crystals cause inflammatory arthritis, which in turn leads to intermittent swelling, redness, heat,
- pain, and stiffness in the joints.
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What is the PT intervention for osteoporosis?
- - The importance of low impact
- - Teach fall prevention
- - Strengthen extensors
- - Postural stability
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What are the 3 most common sites of a non-union fracture?
- - Scaphoid
- - Talus
- - 5th metatarsal
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What are the methods of diagnosing OA?
- *No single test can diagnose osteoarthritis*
- - Clinical history
- - Physical examination
- - X rays
- - MRI
- - Blood tests to rule out other causes of symptoms
- - Joint aspiration
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What are the 4 goals of Osteoarthritis treatment?
- 1) Control Pain
- 2) Improve Joint Function
- 3) Maintain Normal Body Weight
- 4) Achieve a healthy lifestyle
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What is the treatment for Osteoarthritis?
- - exercise
- - weight control
- - rest and relief from stress on joints
- - non-drug pain relief
- - medication for pain relief
- - surgery
- - aomplemetary & alternative therapies
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What are some obstacles for normal bone repair?
- - Infection
- - Poor nutrition
- - Steroid drug use
- - Poor blood supply
- - Foreign bodies
- - Mechanical Factors
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What risk factors are associated with Osteoporosis?
- Not modifiable
- - Gender
- - Age
- - Body Style
- - Ethnicity
- - Family History
- Modifiable
- - Sex Horomone Levels
- - Anorexia
- - Calcium & Vitamin D intake
- - Medication Use
- - Lifestyle
- - Smoking
- - Drinking
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Acute Fracture
(S/S, Precautions & PT mgmt)
- Signs & Symptoms
- - deformity
- - pain
- - immediate edema
- Precautions- WB
- - ill fitting stabilization
- PT mgmt
- - help pt adjust to stabalizing device
- - mobility activities
- - education on WB status & healing
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Healed fractures
(S/S, Precautions & PT mgmt)
- Signs and Symptoms
- - Muscle weakness
- - Atrophy
- - Loss of ROM
- - Edema
- Precautions
- - WB Status
- - Physical Restrictions: reps, sets, weight
- - Neural Function – watch for compromise
- PT Management
- - Mobility
- - Strength and ROM
- - Muscle extensibility
- - Return to normal ADL’s
- - “LET THE PAIN BE YOUR GUIDE”
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What is the major cause of osteoarthritis?
- - Wear & Tear
- - Can manifest from autoimmune diseases
- - Unstable joints affected by OA tend to be injury prone
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