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What are the causes of cellular injury?
- Hypoxia––most common
- Direct physical action
- Ionizing radiation
- Toxic molecular injury
- Microbes
- Inflammatory and immune reactions
- Nutritional imbalance
- Genetic defects
- Aging
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What are some obstacles to normal repair?
- Infection
- Poor nutrition
- Steroid drug use
- Poor blood supply
- Foreign bodies
- Mechanical factors
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What are the four classical signs of inflammation?
- Swelling (tumor)
- Redness (rubor)
- Pain (Dolor)
- Heat (Calor)
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What are the 4 stages of repair of a broken bone?
- 1Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
- 2Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
- 3Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
- 4Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
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What are complications of a fracture?
- Muscle Spasms
- Infection
- Ischemia
- Compartment Syndrome
- Fat Emboli
- Nerve Damage
- Nonunion
- Malunion
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What are the 3 most common sites of a non-union fracture?
Scaphoid, talus, and 5th metatarsal
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What are the four goals of osteoarthritis treatment?
- 1.to control pain
- 2.to improve joint function
- 3.to maintain normal body weight
- 4.to achieve a healthy lifestyle
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What is the treatment of OA?
- exercise
- weight control
- rest and relief from stress on joints
- nondrug pain relief techniques
- medications to control pain
- surgery
- complementary and alternative therapies
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What are the methods of diagnosing OA?
- *No single test can diagnose osteoarthritis*
- Clinical history
- Physical examination
- X rays
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Blood tests to rule out other causes of symptoms
- Joint aspiration
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What is gout?
- A painful condition that occurs when the bodily waste product uric acid is deposited as needle-like crystals in the joints and/or soft tissues.
- In the joints, these uric acid crystals cause inflammatory arthritis, which in turn leads to intermittent swelling, redness, heat, pain, and stiffness in the joints.
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What risk factors are associated with osteoporosis?
- *Not modifiable:
- Gender (women)
- Age (elderly)
- Body size (small thin boned)
- Ethnicity (caucasian & asian)
- Family history
- *Modifiable:
- Sex hormone levels
- Anorexia
- Calcium and Vitamin D intake
- Medication Use (Long-term glucocorticoids)
- Lifestyle
- Cigarette Smoking
- Alcohol Intake
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What is the treatment for osteoporosis?
- Proper Nutrition (Calcium and Vitamin D)
- Exercise (Improves bone health & Increases surrounding muscular stability)
- Safety Issues to Prevent Falls
- Therapeutic Medication
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What are the contraindications for osteoporosis?
- AVOID FLEXION EXERCISES
- Be careful of shearing or rotational activities
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What is the PT intervention for osteoporosis?
- The importance of low impact
- Teach fall prevention
- Strengthen extensors
- Postural stability
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