Biology Test 1

• MEGA: 1,000,000(MILLION)
• KILO:1,000( THOUSAND)
• HECTO: 100 ( HUNDRED)
• DECKA: 10 (TEN)
• deci: 1/10 (tenth)
• centi:1/100 ( hundredth )
• milli: 1/1,000 (thousandth)
• micron: 1/1,000,000 (millionth)

smallest unit of life

Ex: Hydrogen

More than one atom bond together

Ex: DNA

Complex molecules assembled into compartments

Example: nucleus

collection of cells performing the same function. 

• (1) Connective, Epithelical, muscle and Nervous
• (2)
• C= bind and support other tissues
• E= protective barries that protects the body from microorganism, injury and fluid loss. 
• M= produce force and cause motion
• N=responsible for sending stimuli and transmit signals to and from different parts of an organism

collection of tissue for a common function

collecton of organs with a common function

organs systems funtioning together to form the organism 

Ex: person

a group of organism living in the same place 

ex: a flock of geese on a pond

a population capable of interbreeding ex: dogs

consist of many population living together in the same habitat. 

ex: geese shre the pond with ducks, fish, grasses

a biological community

ex: desert ecosystem

is the set of chemical reaction that happen in living organism to maintain life.

• ex: imagine candle 
• Big fire - high metabolism 
• Small fire- low metabolism

the ability to regulate the internal environment and remain stable 

ex: thermometer 

ecosystem- a community  of various plants and animals interacting in their habitat

Autotroph: organism that is able to form nutriotional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as CO2 (Self-feeder)

Heterotroph: organism that cannot make organic molecules from iorganic molecules from inorganic ones. (other-feeders)

Decomponser: organism that breaks down dead o decaying organism

It's the process whereby plants, algae and certain bacteria transform light energy into chemical energy, using CO2 and H2O as starting materials.

Formula: CO2 + H2O -----> C6H12O6 + O2

Harvest food energy to produce ATP. (it release energy from sugar)

Formula: C6H12O6 + O2 ----> CO2 + H2O + E(nergy)

• DNA: biological macromolecule that encodes genetic info.
• Gene: a section of dna that encodes the structure of a protein. 

Cell- Nucleus -Chromosomes - DNA- Gene

• UNITY: concept that means that "all life came from one organism" so that all life is similar but diff.
• DIVERSITY:we came from the same organism but from a different brnch of tree life. (diff habitat, food, envir..)

- Protozoans, Fungi, Bacteria, Plant, Animal

• Archaea- prokaryote
• Bacteria- prokaryote
• Protist- Eukaryote
• Fungi- Eukaryote
• Plants- Eukaryote
• Animals- Eukaryote

DOC 1

atoms with the same atomic number but differ in number of neutrons

• C12: stable isotope; nuclei remain intact forever
• C14: radioactive isotope; nucleus decays, giving off particles and energy

The number of protons

The number of protons and neutrons

it makes up the nucleus; positive charge

has neutral charge

has a negative charge. surronds the nucleus

• 1sr orbit: 2 e-
• 2nd orbit: 8 e-

= electrons needed to fill outer orbit

• at #: 1
• MA: 1
• P: 1
• N: 0
• E: 1
• 1st: 1
• 2nd: 0
• VAL: 1

• at #: 8
• MA: 16
• P:  8
• N: 8
• E: 8
• 1st: 2 
• 2nd: 6
• VAL: 2 

• at #: 7
• MA: 14
•  P:  7
• N: 7
• E: 7
• 1st: 2
• 2nd: 5
• VAL:3 

• at #: 6
• MA: 12
• P: 6
•  N: 6
• E: 6
• 1st: 2
• 2nd: 4
• VAL: 4 

NH3

CH4

*Acids:  greater the H+ ions, stronger the acid

*Base(alkaline): greater the amount OH- ions, stronger the base

formed by removal of the electron from atomic hydrogen and found in all aqueous solution of acids

formed by a gain of electron. Oxygen and hydrogen

protons are not equal to electrons

the breaking of water molecule

H2o ----> H+ + OH-

formed when clorine atom gain an electron (Cl-

formed when Sodium atom loses 1 electron (Na+

the opposite charges of the atoms attract each other (ex; NaCl)

caused by sharing electrons

formed by 2 kinds of method

• COH 
• essential oil: vanila

CHHOH

CO R'

COOH

NHH

COPOOOHH

chemical reaction that REMOVES a molecule of water

-water comes out

breaking of molecules. cell break bonds btw monomers by ADDING water to them.

-water comes in

monomers: single molecule

polymers: more than 1 molecule

• molecules that dissolve or interact with water
• (salt and water)

• fats that float and dont dissolve in water 
• (oil and water)

• made of sugar.
• (CH2O)n

molecules with the same formula but different chemical arrangements

• C6H12O6
• single sugar
• cannot b broken down by hydrolysis into smaller sugar
• glucose, Fructose and Galactose

• double sugar
• form from 2 monosaccharides through a dehydration reaction
• Lactose(milk), Maltose( barley grain), and Sucrose(cane)

C12H22O11

• known(starch or carbohydrate)
• very long chain of sugar 
• Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose
• S- found in plants; provides energy, cell parts and reserve energy
• G- animal starch; stored in the liver.
• C- plant cells walls. cannot be broken by animals, known as fiber.(cotton, paper)

• Fats- solid, lard and grease
• Lipids- liquid, oil and olive, peanut

• made of: Glycerol + 3 fatty acids 
• knows as tryglycerides

a chain of carbon with an acid in the end

• C3H803 - GLYCEROL 
• F.A. chains of carbon w oxygen and hydrogen 
• 3 kinds of lipids:
• 1.saturated- have single bonds from 1C to the next, generally animal fat. (bad)
• 2. monounsaturated fat- have 1 double bonds btw Carbon( found oild, avocado
• 3. Polyunsaturated fat- have more than one double bonds btw carbon( found in fish, nuts) (OMEGA-3

• provides back-up energy
• provides insulation
• protects organs
• insulates nerve fiber
• cell membranes 

addition of hydrogen to the unsaturated bonds results in suturated bonds, effectively increasin the meltin point of the oil and thus hardening it.

knows as trans-fat ( fats that go from unsaturated to saturate by hydrogenation)

special cells that store fat cells

• -ringed shape steroids 
• produced by liver to make: hormones, vitamin D, bil salts, cell membrane

• HDL: is a lipoprotein that carries lipids from the liver that are useful to the body(GOOD
•  
• LDL:is a lipotrotein that carries dietary lipds and sometimes puts them in arteries (BAD

class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers

=phosphorus + two fatty acids

bile breaks up the fat droplets(emulsify) so it can be digested

Bile: a juice produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, andsecreted through a duct into the duodenum

• organic compunds that conines to form protein. it has 20 kinds.
• R group- the rest of AA

2 amino acids combined

protein chemical that change the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in the process.

• most common protein. found in animals, skin, bone, bood.
• strenghts blood vessels.

are red blood cells protein wih 5-- amino Acids. carries oxygen from the lngs to the body tissues and take CO2 from the tssue to the lungs. 

the building blocks of nucleic acids. it contains 3 parts: Sugar, Phosphate, and nitrogen bonds

• Messeger RNA
• Transfer RNA
• form a single strand
• distict base: Uranil `

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine.

its the body's energy compund;