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Bathymetric map
levels and isobars
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isobars
elevation contours of a lake
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max width
langest point perpedicular to max length
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hypsographic curve
depth verse area plot
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uses of hypsographic curve
- volume esitmate
- water reulation
- zmean
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Gains/losses
- Precip/evaporation
- inlets/outlets
- groundwater
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exorheric lake
open basin
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endoheic lake
closed basin
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Water residence time
depends on V, climate, Zmean, ratio of catchment to lake area
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increased WRT
increase chemical storage
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WRT decrease
less nutrient loading
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Borden lakes
water loss from other lakes (splitting)
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Rove area lakes
Glacial scour lakes
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slate
- emtamorphic rock formed from heating and pressurizing clay
- more easily eroded than diabase
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Diabase
very hard igneous rock
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Rove lakes have _____ with a steep _____ shore
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resivoirs have more non-native species due to...
- increased visit by humans
- increased stream connections
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Uses for mine pit lakes
- industry- managed for aquaculture
- acedemic- chronosequence for community assemblege
- recreation/property developement
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geomorphology controls
- volume
- inputs/outputs
- flushing rate
- volume in contact with sediment
- nutrients and gases
- organisms and metabolism
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originating elements of every lake
- environemtal force
- terrain reshape into depression
- water source
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ice scour
excavation of a basin from glacial movement
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cirque
ice scour lake on alpine slope
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moraine dam
construction of a rim through pushing and deposition of glacially moved sediments
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kettle
formed when a peice of ice break free from a glacier and gets left behind
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ice dam (lake Agassiz)
proglacial type formed when glacial meltwater ponds in front of a glacier
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fault block (graben(
large scale movemnt of earths crust creates cracking and depression
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revearse drainage
tilting, sinking, or rising of the earths crust to affect drainage area
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crater
eruption crates basin due to loss of debris
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oxbow
sediment erosion and deposition on a river bank that isolates a merandering arm
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Max density of water
3.94 C
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metalimnion
- mixing layer
- smallest slope
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annual overturn cycle
- spring-even
- summer- stratified
- fall-even
- winter- inverted stratification
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spring overturn
- isothermal
- oxygen and nutrients disturbed
- temperatures trigger dormant egg release
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Spring to summer tansition
- days lengthen
- sun angles more direct
- air temp rises
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Summer stratification
- resists mixing
- barrier to mixing
- epilimnion thickens
- hypolimnion temp = spring overturn
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summer to fall transition
- days shorten
- sun is less direct
- air temp falls
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fall overturn
- wind mixes water column
- isotherm
- distributes nutrients and oxygen
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winter
inverse stratification
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cold monomitic
- 1 circulation every year (summer)
- small arctic lakes
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warm monomitic
- stratified only in summer, mixes rest of the year
- lake superior
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dimitctic
- two distincnt circulation events per year
- most common lakes
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polymictic
many circulation events per year\shallow and wind exposed
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meromictic
- incomplete mixing
- deepwater salt concentration
- increase in density
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mixolimnion
mixes annulaly
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monimolimnion
doesn't mix
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Ql
evaporation and melting
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sediments can provide...
winter heat
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Joules
- m-2 sec-1
- 1 joule = 0.24 calories.
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einstiens
- m-2 sec-1
- where 1 Einstein = 1 mole of photons.
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Wavelength/frequency
determines color and energy
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Frequency to energy conversion
by Planck’s constant (Energy = h * frequency)
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surface reflection
strongest amount of light
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underwater scattering
water scatters according to (1/wavelength)^4
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Extinction Coefficient
k (measure of light attenuated).
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K is _____ related to light pennetration
inversely
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Photic zone (Zphotic)
depth of 1% surface light
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Estimate equation for photic zone
- use k = (ln I0 – ln Iz) / z
- set I0 = 100% and Iz = 1 %, then
- Zphotic = ln 100/k
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longer wave length (red)
less pennetration
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Critical mixing depth
Mixing depth where phytoplankton depth-integrated photosynthesis = depth-integrated respiration.
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3 factors for determining solubility
- pressure
- salinity
- temperature
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high salinity
low solubility
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high pressure
low solubility
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high temperature
low solubility
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gains and losses
- atmospheric diffusion
- photosynthesis
- metabolism of bacterium
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Orthograde
increasing oxygen with depth
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clinograde
decreasing oxygen with depth
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positive heterograde
increase in oxygen at mixing layer
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negative heterograde
decrease in oxygen at mixing layer
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adaptations of fat head
- small size
- reduced movement
- increase gill to vein factor
- gulp air bubbles
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surface area of a lake
area of circle (pi rsquared)
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shorline length
- circumfrence of circle
- 2pi r
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volume
- (area of shallow + area of deeper)/2 * depth between planes
- then sum all levels
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hypsographic curve
Depth vs Area
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littoral zone percent
- less than 5meters
- (surface area - area of 5m plane)/ surface area
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Chl-a (concentration of chloriphyl)
248.313*Zmean(m)6^-1.552
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water residence time
volume/losses
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