Ch. 8 Pathophysiology Flashcards

The breakdown of molecules to create energy in the presence of Oxygen.

When glucose crosses the cell membrane and is broken down into pyruvic acid.

The breakdown of molecules in cells without Oxygen.

To pump sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

Anaerobic metabolism

• Sodium is built up inside the cell causing water to enter the cell. (water is attracted to sodium)
• then the cell ruptures and dies.

because that list is too long to type on one flashcard! LOL!

21 Percent of ambient air at sea level is Oxygen.

• the fraction of Oxygen in air.
• In fraction form or decimal form. I.e. 21 percent of oxygen would be 0.21

• FiO2 is Oxygen delivered to a patient that is breathing on their own.
• FDO2 is Oxygen delivered to a patient that is not breathing on their own.

is to establish and maintain a patient's airway.

blood, vomitus, or other substances could be aspirated into the lungs.

Accesory muscles are used to help breathing. This takes more energy.

• Sternocleidomastoid (lifts the sternum)
• scalene muscles (ribs 1 and 2)
• Pectoralis minor muscles (elevates ribs 3 to 5)

• Abs
• Internal Intercostal muscles

How much your chest wall and your lungs can stretch, distend, and expand

how easy it is for air to flow to your lungs. The harder it is the less oxygen you get.

• The space between the double lining of your lungs.
• It forces the lungs to collapse because the pleural space increases in size, which forces the lungs to get smaller.

6 Litters (6,000 mL)

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute

The amount(volume) of air breathed in with each breath.

The amount of air moved in and out of the alveoli in one minute.

the areas in the respiratory tract where air collects during inhalation and this air does not get to the lungs to exchange oxygen to the blood

about 150 mL of 500 mL inhaled.

lack of oxygen to your tissues.

• Receptors that stimulate an increase in rate and debth of respiration because of a high concentration of carbon dioxide in your body.
• Located near the respiration center in your brain. (medulla area)

• Stimulate increase in rate and depth of respiration due to lack of oxygen in the arterial blood.
• located in the aortic arch and carotid bodies in the kneck.

When the peripheral chemorecepters become the primary recepters in stimulating rate and depth of breathing.

• Irritant Receptors
• Stretch Receptors
• J-Receptors

• Found in the airways
• sensative to irritating gases, aerosols, and particles. This recepter stimulates cough, brochonconstriction and increased ventilatory rate

• found in the smooth muscle of the airways.
• decreases the rate and volume of breath to protect from lung overinflation.

• around the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
• When activated these recepters stimulate rapid, shallow ventilations.

• In the brain.
• Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
• ventral respiratory group (VRG)
• Apneustic Center
• Pneumotoxi center

sends impulses to the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm causeing them to contract which results in inhalation.

has neurons that only activate when an increase in ventilatory effort is necessary. (when using accessory muscles)

• Stimulates the DRG and VRG to intensify the inhalation.
• this center may prolong the inspiration by increasing the ventilation volume.

Tells the Apneustic center to stop inhalation before the lungs are too fu ll.

describes the relationship between the amount of air that reaches the alveoli and the amount of it goes through the capillaries to the cells.

1,000 mL or 1 Liter

• 97% in the hemoglobin
• 3% in the plasma

The process in which an oxygen molecule binds with the hemoglobin.

When a hemoglobin molecule does not have oxygen attatched to it.

• 7 % is dissolved into the plasma
• 23 % is attatched the hemoglobin
• 70 % is in the form of bicarbonate

from high concentration to low concentration.

70mL of blood for every 2.2lb(1 Kilo)

• 45 % is made of cells and proteins
• 55 % plasma.

• 91 % water
• 9 % plasma protiens which contain albumin, antibodies, and clotting factors.

• Red blood cells
• White Blood Cells
• Platelets

supplying the right side of the heart with blood.

the force inside the vessell or capillary beds by the contraction of the heart or blood pressure.

The pressure inside the vessels casued by large plasma proteins and albumin that attract water and other substances. This creates a "pull" inside the vessels.

So there is a balance between the fluids that should be inside the vessels to the fluids that should be outside the vessels.

amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one minute

5 liters/minute

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volumes.

the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each contraction.

• preload is the pressure generated in the left ventricle at the end of diastole.
• it is created by the blood that is still in the left ventricle after the resting phase of the cardiac cycle.

is the resistance in the aorta that must be over come by the heart's contraction to eject the blood.

The pressure inside your vessels as it constricts to increase systematic pressure or relaxes to decrease systematic pressure.

The flow of blood through the smallest blood vessels.

• Aortic arch and carotid sinuses.
• They detect the change in blood pressure and tells your brain to alter the heart function and vessel size to decrease blood pressure.