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What is the supine position? (pg. 148)
the patient is lying face up on his back.
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What is the Prone position? (pg. 148)
The patient is lying face down on his stomach.
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What is Lateral recumbent(recovery) position? (pg. 148)
when the patient is lying on his left or right.
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What is the fowler position? (pg. 148)
When the patient is lying on his back with the upper body elevated at 45 to 60 degrees.
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What is the Semi-fowler position? (pg. 148)
The patient is lying on his back with the upper body elevated at an angle less than 45 degrees.
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What is the trendelenburg postion? (pg. 148)
The patient is lying on his back with the legs elevated higher than the head and the body on an inclined position.
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What ist he shock position? (pg. 149)
The patient is laying flat. However, the legs are elevated about 12 inches.
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What is the sagittal plane? (pg. 149)
- A vertical plane that divides the body into a right and a left segment.
- also known as the mid sagittal plane.
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What is the frontal or coronal plane? (pg. 149)
the frontal or coronal plane divides the body into front and back halves.
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What is the transverse or horizontal plane? (pg. 149)
A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves.
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What is the midline? (pg. 150)
an imaginary line drawn down the middle of front of the patient.
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What is the midaxillary line? (pg. 150)
A line down the side of the body going through the armpits.
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what is a transverse line? (Pg. 150)
An imaginary line that goes through the person's waist. Seperating top from bottom.
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What is anterior and posterior refering to? (pg. 151)
- Anterior is to the front
- Posterior is to the back
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What is superior and inferior refering to? (pg. 151)
- Superior is towards the head or above the point of reference
- Inferior means towards the feet or below the point of reference
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What is dorsal and venteral refering to? (pg. 151)
- Dorsal means toward the back or backbone
- Ventral means toward the front or belly
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What is medial and lateral refering to? (pg. 151)
- Medial means toward the midline or center of the body
- Lateral refers to the left or right of the midline, or away from the midline of the body.
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What is proximal and distal refering to? (pg. 151)
- Proximal means near the point of reference
- Distal is far from the piont of reference.
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When saying "right" or "left" what is it always refering to? your left or the patient's left? (pg. 151)
Patient's
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What does midclavicular refer to? (pg. 151)
The center of each of the collarbones.
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What does Midaxillary refer to? (pg. 152)
center of the arm pit.
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What does plantar refer to? (pg. 152)
sole of the foot.
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What does palmer refer to? (pg. 153)
the palm of your hand.
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What do the Ligaments do? (pg. 153)
- connect bone to bone
- layers of muscles
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What do tendons do? (pg. 153)
- Connect muscles to bones
- and various other connective tissues.
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What makes upthe skull? (pg. 154)
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What bones makes up the cranium? (pg. 154)
- Occipital
- 2 parietal
- 2 temporal
- frontal
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What bones make up the face? (pg. 156)
- Nasal bones
- orbits
- Zygomatic
- maxillae
- Mandible
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What are the 5 parts of the spinal column? (pg. 156)
- cervical (kneck)
- Thoracic (upper back)
- Lumbar spine (lower back)
- Sacral (back wall o f the pelvis)
- Coccyx (tailbone)
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What is the thorax composed of? (pg. 156)
- Ribs
- sternum
- thoracic spine
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What is the superior portion of the sternum called? (pg. 156)
manubrium
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What is inferior portion of the sternum called? (pg. 156)
xiphoid process.
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What bones make up the pelvis? (pg. 156)
- iliac crest
- pubis
- ishium
- sacrum and the coccyx
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What does the term "lower extremeties" refer to? (pg. 157)
the legs from the hip to the toes.
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What is the acetabulum? (pg. 157)
The hip joint
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What is the patella? (pg. 157)
knee cap.
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Where are the Tibia and the fibula? (pg. 157)
- in the shin area
- make sure you study which one is where.
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What is the malleolus? (pg. 157)
the bulgy part of the ankles
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what is the calcaneus? (pg. 157)
heel bone.
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Where are the tarsals? (pg. 157)
the foot
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where are the metatarsals? (pg. 157)
the foot
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What are the phalanges? (pg. 157)
-
What is the shoulder girlde formed by? (pg. 157)
scapula and the clavicle
-
What is the scapula? (pg. 157)
shoulder blade
-
Where is the humerus? (pg. 157)
- the bone under your bicep
- largest bone in your upper extremity
-
Where is the radius and the ulna? (pg. 157)
- forearms
- make sure you know which one is which
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What is the olecranon? (pg. 157)
the bony part of the elbow that is formed by the ulna
-
Where are the carpals? (pg. 157)
The wrists
-
Where are the metacarpals? (pg. 157)
the hands
-
What does flexion mean? (pg. 157)
bending toward the body
-
What does extension mean? (pg. 157)
straightening away from the body
-
What does abduction ? (pg. 157)
moving away from the midline
-
what is adductio? (pg. 157)
moving toward the midline
-
what is circumduction? (pg. 157)
- being able to move in all directions
- i.e. the shoulder joint
-
What is pronation? (pg. 158)
turning the forearm so the palm is turned toward the back
-
what is supination? (pg. 158)
turning the forearm so the palm of the hand is turned toward the front
-
what is a smooth muscle? (pg. 159)
- basically a muscle that lines the tubes of your body
- i.e. the artories and veins.
-
What is oxygenation? (pg. 162)
- When oxygen moves from an area of high oxygen concentration to an area of low oxygen concentration.
- i.e. oxygen from capillary to cells
-
What is ventilation? (pg. 162)
The process in which air is moved in and out of the lungs.
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What are the parts that make up the upper airway? (pg. 162)
- Nose and mouth
- pharynx
- nasopharynx
- larynx
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What are the parts that make up the lower airway? (pg. 162)
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
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What are the 2 parts that make up the pharynx? (pg. 162)
-
What are the 2 parts that the pharynx divides into as it goes down your throat? (pg. 162)
-
What does the larynx hold? (pg. 162)
- the voice box
- adams apple (thyroid cartilage)
-
What is the epiglottis? (pg. 162)
A small leaf shaped flap that protects the larynx when you swallow.
-
What is the diaphragm? (pg. 164)
- A dome shaped muscle that is very important for breathing.
- it also seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
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What are the intercostal muscles? (pg. 165)
- the muscles between the ribs.
- these muscles contract and increases the size of the thoracic cavity.
-
What is the phrenic nerve? Where is it located? (pg. 165)
- tells the diaphragm and intercostal muscles when to contract and relax
- located between vertebrae C3 and C5.
-
define adequate and inadequate breathing. (pg. 166)
- adequate breathing is when the patient has a "normal" rate and tidal volume.
- inadequate breathing is when the patient does not have a normal breathing rate and tidal volume
-
What is the circulatory system composed of? (pg. 168)
-
What are the four chambers of the heart? (pg. 168)
- The atrium makes up the top 2 chambers (atria singular form)
- The ventricles are the bottom 2 chambers.
-
What do arteries do? (pg. 168)
carries oxygen rich blood away from the heart to the body
-
What is the Aorta? (pg. 168)
the first artery that the heart pumps blood and from there the blood is distributed to the rest of the arteries
-
What does the aorta divide into? (pg. 168)
the iliac arteries which bring blood down each leg.
-
What are coronary arteries? (pg. 168)
arteries that supply the heat with blood to function.
-
What are the Carotid arteries? Where are they located ? (pg. 168)
- On each side of the kneck
- supplies the brain and the head with blood.
- (cardial pulse)
-
What are the femoral arteries? (pg. 168)
- The artery of the thigh
- it supplies the groin and leg with blood
-
Where are the dorsalis pedis arteris? (pg. 172)
in the food
-
Where are the posterior tibial artery? (pg. 172)
down the calf to your foot (back leg)
-
What are pulmonary arteries? (pg. 172)
Carries oxygen depleted blood to the lungs and back to the heart.
-
What is systolic blood pressure? (pg. 173)
the pressure against the walls of the arteries when your heart pumps
-
What is diastolic blood pressure? (pg. 173)
the pressure against the walls of the arteries when your heart is at rest.
-
What is edema? (pg. 173)
swelling in the tissues due to fluid leaking from the capillaries in the lungs.
-
what is hypoperfusion? (pg. 173)
The insufficient supply of oxygen and other nutrients to some of the body's cells and the inadequate elimination of the carbon dioxide and other wastes.
-
How is oxygen carried on the cell? (pg. 174)
- 97 percent on the hemoglobin
- 3 percent in the plasma
-
how is carbon dioxide carried on the cell? (pg. 174)
- 70 percent in a form called bicarbonite
- 23 percent on the hemoglobin
- 7 percent in the plasma
-
What makes up the central nervous system? (pg. 175)
- the brain
- spinal collumns
-
What are the 3 layers of protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord? (pg. 175)
the meninges.
-
What are the 3 parts of the brain? (pg. 175)
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- brainstem
-
What does the cerebrum do? (pg. 175)
- the outermost portion of the brain.
- controls sensation, thought and associative memory.
- also manages motions that are under your control.
-
What does the cerebellum do? (pg. 175)
- Located in the posterior and inferier part of the cranium.
- it coordinates muscle activity
- and maintains balance through impulses from the eyes and ears
-
What is inside the brainstem? (pg. 175)
- the brainstem contains the respiratory center
- cardiac center
- and vasomotor
-
What is the peripheral nervous system? (pg. 177)
all the nerves not in the brain and spine.
-
What is the voluntary nervous system? (pg. 177)
lets you control your movements.
-
what is the autonomic nervous system? (pg. 177)
- influences the activities of the smooth muscles and glands.
- as well as digestion and sweating
-
What is the sympathetic nervous system? (pg. 177)
- is activated by stressors such as trauma, blood loss, fright.
- also known as the "fight-or-flight" response
-
what is the parasympathetic nervous system? (pg. 177)
returns the body processes to normal or depresses the body function.
-
What is the endocrine system? (pg. 178)
made up ot ductless glands and is in charge of the body's regulators
-
What does the thyroid gland do? where is it located? (pg. 178)
- located in the anterior kneck
- regulates metaboism, growth and development and the activity of the nervous system
-
What does the parathyroid gland do? where is it located? (pg. 178)
- behind the thyroid gland
- produces a hormone that is needed for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the bones.
-
What do the adrenal glands do? where are they located? (pg. 179)
- sit atop the kidneys
- produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
- postpones muscle fatige, increases the storage of sugar, controls kidney function, and regulates the metabolism of salt and water.
-
What do the gonads? and what do they do? (pg. 179)
- ovaries and testes
- produce the hormones that govern reproduction and sex characteristics.
-
Where are the islets of Langerhans? what do they do? (pg. 179)
- located in the pancreas
- produces insulin, which alows sugar to enter cells
- produce glucagon, a hormone that raises glucose level in blood
-
What do the pituitary glands do? where are they located? (pg. 179)
- the base of the brain. also called the "master gland"
- regulates the following:
- growth
- thyroid and parathyroid glands
- the pancreas
- the gonads
- metabolism of fatty acids and some basic protiends
- blood sugar reactions
- and urinary excretion
-
What are the effects of alpha 1? (pg. 181)
causes the vessels to constrict
-
What are the effects of alpha 2? (pg. 181)
regulates the effects of alpha 1
-
What are the effects of beta 1? (pg. 181)
- increase heart rate
- force of cardiac contraction
- and speeds up electrical impulses in the heart
-
what are the effects of beta 2? (pg. 181)
causes smooth muscles to dilate, especially in the bronchioles
-
What is the integumentary system? (pg. 181)
the skin
-
What are the 3 layers of the skin? (pg. 181)
- the epidermis
- dermis
- subcutaneous layer
-
Where is the pancreas? what does it do? (pg. 182)
- inferior and posterior to the stomach
- secretes pancreatic juices that help in digestion of:
- fats
- starches
- protiens
-
Where is the liver? what does it do? (pg. 182)
- Beneath the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity.
- Produces bile, which helps digest fats
- also produces components for immune functions and blood clotting
- also produces plasma
-
What does the spleen do? where is it located? (pg. 182)
- located in the left upper quadrant.
- filters blood
- serves as a blood reserve.
-
Where is the gallbladder? what does it do? (pg. 182)
- located inthe bile duct leading from the liver
- acts as a reservoir for bile.
- When food enters the small intestines the gallbladder is squeezed and all the bile is emptied into the small intestine to help with digesting process.
-
What is the Renal/urinary system in charge of? (pg. 184)
filters and excretes wastes from the blood
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