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In Defense of Manly Honor
- Euphiletus, A Husband Speaks in His Own Defense
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murdered wife's lover (says jury would do the same) - - Eratosthenes seduced wife and brought shame on kids
- - did not kill him for $$
- -First attitude on marriage: loved wife, didn't want to annoy, trust came when kid came
- - Eratosthenes, after mom's funeral, went to maid adn set up the whole affair
- - Euphiletus comes home one day when he's over, but, even though wife is being suspicious, he doesn't suspect anything until old hag tells him
- - he questions maid; she helps him catch him
- - gets a crowd of men adn kills him "law of state kills him"
- - Law of Solon: alduterer can be put to death by man who catches him
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Cultivating Justice and Piety
- Cicero, On the Commonwealth- Cicero highlights moral values and sense of destiny
- - Scipio the Elder comes to YOunger in a dream and prophecies that:
- - he will destroy Carthage and Numantia
- - he will experience disorder of Gracchan reforms adn everyone will look to him for guidance as dictator [didn't happen]
- - restrictions of body (younger wants to be with them, but must stay on earth and fulfill duty)
- - duty is to look after the world
- - scorn what is human because human glory is wrothless
- - live by virtue
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Failure and Factionalism
- The Gracchan Reforms:- Veterans displaced and Tiberius initiates reforom
- - He went to countryside--> unpopulated
- - people wanted him to reinstate poor to former possessions
- - Got advice--> created law that was gentle even to those who should be punished
- - moneyed men tried to give him bad name= fail
- - Tiberius argues that the savage beasts take benefits of the workers; army peopl die to maintain the senate's wealth
- - Octavius, other tribue, persuaded to oppose him; opposes his law
- - Tiberius tries to take away his tribuneship, making a huge scene
- - Law passed; Octavius carried away by servants
- - Law ratified and he proposes that the land from Pergamum get divided and distributed as well
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Toward Empire
- Julius Caesar, The Gallic War- Gauls not happy about Caesar's successes--> Battle at fortress of Alesia
- - Caesar had baggage protected; pursued and killed about three thousand, laying seige on city's position and provoking panic in the enemy
- - circumvallation (construction of forts for protection and seige)
- - Alesia on hill and Gallic forces constructed ditch and six- ft wall
- - Romans: 10 miles and 23 forts
- - Caesar was told that Vercingetorix tried to build army and decided to create 20 ft ditches adn forts in back
- - fought; Caesar sent aid to those who needed it and motivated the men to fight; eventually, he fought as well
- - The enemy fled and they pursued
- - Vercingetorix submitted
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Exacting Science
- Eratosthenes, Measurement of hte Earth- geographer and mathematician
- - Alexandria and Syene were chosen as measuring points because distance known and they lie along same meridian circlue (1/15 a circle)
- - sun rays are parallel/ angles are equal
- - Sun analyzed at summer sostice
- - Syene: no shadow when Alexiandria had a shadow (and vice versa)
- - Drew an arc and straight lines from sundial to sun
- - ratio--> circumference
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The Conquest of New lands
- Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander the Great-2nd century CE
- - Alex just returned to Persia due to protest
- - speech:
- - Philip gave you clothes, taught you how to fight, rescued you from slavery, opened country to trade
- - He was left in debt, and added to empire, allowing them to enjoy wealth
- - He has nothing because they're equals
- - They have the same wounds
- - His dismissal of the men was because they were not fit for service
- - He tells them to go home and tell how htey abandoned him
- - retreated to palace, while men stood in silence until they heard they were going to be replaced by Persians
- - they begged for forgiveness and were all kinsmen--> celebration
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Establishing Law and Justice
- King Hammurabi, The Code of Hammurabi- early 18th century
- - concerned with protecting property rights and the social hierarchy
- - When Atum and Enlil created world, they gave Hammurabi the responsibility of promoting welfare of hte people
- - deals with accusors (if a seignior accused another and brought charge of murder against him with no proof, accuser put to death)
- - deals with burglers (if seignior committed robbery and caught, put to death; stolen young son of another, death)
- - deals with consequences of helping slaves (help escape--> death)
- - based on classes
- - commerce and land tenure emphasized and receipts (if merchant lent something with no receipt, the money may not be credited to account; if purchased animal with no witnesses, death)
- - emphasis on marriage contracts (no contract, no marriage)
- - emphasis on gods in daily life; people pray to them
- - men punishable by death/ women get thrown in river alot
- - Money lessens with class (miscarriage of seignior daughter--> 10 shekels, slave--> 2 shekels
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Writing Experiences
- Egyptian Scribal Exercise Book- The Idle Scribe is Worthless: Wenemdiamum resists listening and writing and learning--> like a goose that does no work, but destroys
- - All Occupations Bad Except that of the Scribe: Washerman's days are up and down; potmakers live in bog; cobblers stink; watchmen prepares; outworker has the toughest job; merchants are too busy and get wealth taken from tax collectors; ships crew leaves but never returns; carpenter has too hard work
- - Misfortunes of the Peasant: -farm labor 24/7; gets team; goes to work; jackals get to them; fields broken up; borrows grain; no harvest--> beating
- - Be A Scribe: Body sleek; hands soft; people answer you; free man
- - The Scribe Does Not Suffer Like the Soldier: lowerst; unskilled man= unknown; soldier is dead while living due to suffers
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Formulizing Roman Law
The Twelve Tables (see other flashcards)
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