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thermodynamics
how a hot body can perform work
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classical thermo vs statistical
- classical - more direct, less math complications
- statistical - Laser, plasma, high-speed gas flowchem. kinetics, cryogenics derivation ideal gas spec. heat
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system
whatever we want to study.
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Surroundings
everything external to thesystem.
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Boundary
distinguishes system from itssurroundings.
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closed system
constant matter
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Isolated system
special typeof closed system that doesnot interact in any way with itssurroundings.
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Control Volume/open system
Mass may cross the boundry
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Extensive Property
mass, volume, energy
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Intensive property
temperature, pressure, spec. volume
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State
Systems condition, described by it's properties
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process
Change of state, Change of atleast one property
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Cycle
Sequence of processes that begins and ends with same state
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non-properties
mass flow and energy transfer, because takes two states to know the change.
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Steady state
Properties do not change with time.
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equilibrium
isolated system when properties stop changing
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Phase
Homogenous chemical and structural matter
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Specific volume
1/p = kg/m^3
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pressure unit
1pa = 1N/m2
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bar conversion
1bar = 10^5N/m2
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Absolute pressure
P = Pguage + Patm
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Vacume pressure
Pvac = Patm - P
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Kelvin celsius ralationship
T(C) = T(K) - 273
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First law of thermo
- Energy is conserved
- ΔE = ΔPE+ΔKE+ΔU
- ΔE = Q - W
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Work sign standard
- Into system is neg
- out of system is pos
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Heat sign standard
- Heat out is neg
- Heat in is pos
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Work Equation
W = ∫ pdV = ∫Fdx = ∫ pAdx
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polytropic process
pVn = constant
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Heat transfer types
- Convection - through a medium
- Radiation - energy waves
- Conduction - direct touching transfer
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Rerfrigeration cycle
- provide cooling
- Wcycle = Qout-Qin
- B=Qin/Wcycle = Qin/(Qout-Qin)
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Power cycle
- Wcycle =Qin - Qout
- n = Wcycle/Qin = (Qin-Qout)/Qin
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Heat Pump Cycle
- Wcycle = Qout - Qin
- y = Qout/Wcycle = Qout/(Qout - Qin)
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Vapor Dome
Dome shaped region of the Two-phase liquid-vapor states
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Critical Point
- the Max of the vapor dome
- Max temp and pressure the two phase can coexist
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Quality
X = mvapor/(mvapor+mliquid)
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Enthalpy(h)
h = uspecific + pvspecific
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