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Pheochromocytoma
Most common adrenal medulla tumor in adults. Episodic HTN.
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Neuroblastoma
Most common adrenal medulla tumor in kids. No episodic HTN.
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Adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex (neurohypophysis), & adrenal cortex (adenohypophysis) are derived from:
Neural crest cells, neuroectoderm, & oral ectoderm
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GLUT-1 transporter
Take up glucose independent of insulin levels (brain & RBC's)
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GLUT-4 transporter
Skeletal muscle & adipose tissue; take up large amounts of glucose only when insulin is high enough.
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Relationship between prolactin & dopamine
Dopamine inhibits prolactin, while prolactin stimulates dopamine synthesis & release.
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Somatostatin inhibits...
GH, TSH
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Site of action of ketoconazole (-) & ACTH (+)
Desmolase enzyme, for cholesterol --> pregnenolone
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Alpha-hydroxylase enzymes used to make: 1) aldosterone, 2) cortisol, 3) androgens
- 1) 21 & 11
- 2) 17, 21, 11
- 3) 17
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Regulation of PTH release
- + dec'd serum Ca++
- - dec'd serum Mg++ (diarrhea, diuretics, alcohol abuse, aminoglycosides)
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Cushing's syndrome
High cortisol. Iatrogenic (take steroids), pituitary adenoma (=Cushing's disease, high ACTH), ACTH-secreting tumor (small-cell lung cancer), adrenal hyperplasia or neoplasia.
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Conn's syndrome
Primary hyperaldosteronism (tumor). Hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, HTN, low renin.
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Secondary hyperaldosteronism
Conditions that stimulate you to raise BP: Renal failure, renal A stenosis, CHF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome.
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Addison's disease
Low aldosterone & cortisol, because adrenal destruction/atrophy. High ACTH, which means hyperpigmentation (a byproduct of ATCH production, MSH, stimulates melanocytes).
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
N.meningitides sepsis --> adrenal hemorrhage --> adrenal cortex insufficiency.
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Sheehan's syndrome
- Postpartum hypopituitarism.
- During pregnancy, anterior pituitary enlarges but blood supply doesn't... then, during delivery, severe bleeding --> infarction of pituitary. Poor lactation, loss of pubic & axillary hair, fatigue, anorexia.
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Gottron's papules
Assoc with dermatomyositis. Rash over MCP & IP joints.
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Bouchard's nodes
Assoc with OA in PIP joints
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Heberden's nodes
Assoc w/OA in DIP joints
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Baker's cyst
In RA patients, located behind knee
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Tophus
Accumulation of uric acid crystals in chronic gout. Often external ear or Achilles tendon.
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