Psych 110 test 1.txt

• author "Dan"
• fileName "Psych 110 test 1"
• tags "Physio psychology"
• description "Neurons, brain anatomy"
• Physio psychology
• Relationship between brain and behavior

Nerves entered brain

Behavior was innate, dualism

Tabula rasa

Functional signficance. Adaptive behaviors are not inherited but the brain that carries out these behaviors are.

Bumps on skull revealed mental functions, traits

Hard problem, only know our own. Easy problem, can alter it

Damage to visual cortex, relies on primative visual system

If characteristic permit it to reproduce more successfully, characteristics become more prevalent in population

Gradual change in structure as a result of natural selection

Larger relative to body size, more neocortex

Proteins that control rate of chemical reactions

Organelle which produces ATP from glucose for the cell

Abrupt depolarization of the membrane for a brief period of time that allows the neurons to cummunicate over long distances

The electrical charge across a cell membrane or the difference in the electrical potential inside and outside of the cell.

The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, -70 mV

Towards zero voltage

More negative voltage

Voltage level which triggers action potential, -60 mV

Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration

Materials charged in water

Charged particle

Positive charge

Negative charge

Constantly operating, pumps 3 Na+ ions out and 1 K+ ion in to reset neuron for action potential firing

Intensity of firing rate

Period where action potential cannot fire. Absolute vs. relative (relative is in hyper polarization)

Jumps from node of ranvier to node. Economy (less Na/K ion pumps), speed of signal

Space between terminal button and neuron

Contains neurotransmitters. 1 vesticle released per AP via Ca++ions released from voltage dependent channel in terminal buttons

Process by which the vesticles release their content outside of the membrane by fusing with the membrane.

A chemical which binds to a binding site of a receptor. Binding forms higand-receptor complex which opens or closes ion channel

Influx of Na+ or Ca++ ions

Efflux of K+ or influx or Cl- ions

• Excitatory - increases chance of fire
• Inhibitory - decrease chance of fire

• Spatial summation - summing of PSP at different synapse
• Temporal summaton - summing of PSP over time at same synapse

Ligand Gate ion Channel or ionotropic receptor

• G Protein Coupled Receptor
• Reacts with enzymes to create second messenger which can:
• 1. Enter nucleus and affect gene transcription
• 2. Open ion channels
• 3. Change Ca++ levels

• Reuptake - neurotransmitters taken back into terminal buttons
• Enzymic deactivation (Ach deactivated by AchE)

Motor, sensory, inter neurons

Body senses

Heart rate, breathing

Go inside CNS

Exit CNS

Lipid bylayer

Jelly like substance that fills the cell

Organelle which extracts energy from nutrients (ATP)

Contains chromosomes, long strands of DNA

Proteins to give cell shape

• Controls chemical reaction
• Metabolic - makes something
• Catabolic - breaks down

Copy of DNA

Parallel layers of membranethat serves as storage and channel for transporting things through cell

• Process by which substances are transported up down axon
• Anterograde - away from soma
• Retrograde - towards soma

• 50% volume of CNS
• Provides physical and chemical buffers to isolate neurons
• Surrounds neurons in place
• Control supply of chemicals
• Insulate neurons from each other
• House keepers

• Physical support
• Clean up debris (phagocytosis)
• Aid in extra cellular chemical environment
• Provide nurishment
• Blood brain barrier
• Surround and isolate synapse

• Provide support to axons
• Provide myelin sheath

• Phagocytosis - breaks down dead and dying neurons
• Protects brain from microorganisms
• Inflammatory response to brain damage

• Myelin for PNS
• Single cell for one axon

• Semi permiable membrane produced by cells in the walls of the capillaries in the brain
• Regulates composition of extracellular fluid
• Selectively permeable

Collection of cell bodies in CNS

Collection of cell bodies in PNS

Opposite side

Same side

• Protects the brain
• Dura mater - thick tough flexible outer layer
• Arachnoid membrane - spongy middle layer
• Pia mater - thin inner layer
• Sub arachnoid space - space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater filled with CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
• PNS only has dura mater and pia mater

Cerebral Spinal Fluid flows from lateral into 3rd into cerebral aquaduct into 4th into sub arachnoid space then blood

• Motor functions
• Inhibatory and planning

• Hearing
• Limbic system

Sensory functons

Visual

Functions are located in just one cerebral hemisphere

Right brain controls left side, etc

Makes CSF from blood

Connects left and right hemispheres

• Verbal
• Logic, analytic
• Interpretor

• Spatial
• Creativity, holistic
• Recognize emotion, facial expression
• Maintains accuracy

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitory gland

• Relay to cortex
• Two lobes
• Many nuclei

• Controls autonomic and endocrine system
• Fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating (4 F's)

• Anterior - controls hormones, endocrine system
• Posterior - extension of hypothalamus

• Emotion, learning, memory
• Hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammilary bodies, cingulate gyrus

Memory, learning

Emotion, learning

Fiber tract connects hippocampus with mammilary bodies

Protrusion in base of brain

Region of limbic cortex

• Collection of nuclei involved in control of movement
• Caudate
• Putamin
• Globus pallidus
• Thalamus

• Reticular formation (sleep, arousal)
• Relay nuclei cortex to cerebellum