Module 3

• Formed from reaction of acid and alcohol
• Found in fats, oils, also nerve chemical acetylcholine

• same as in bases
• found in alcohols and sugars
• makes organic molecules water-soluble

• organic acid (H⁺ easily donated)
• also written ---COOH
• usually charged (ie. ---COO^-) at cellular pH

• acts as base
• binds H⁺to form ---NH₃⁺ at cellular pH
• amino + carboxyl in same molecule is an amino acid

found in energy-storing molecules and in nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

• carbon and oxygen in double covalent bond
• found in ketones, formed when fats are broken down
• water-loving groups

• like Hydroxyl, but sulfur + hydrogen
• important in protein structure

• organic acid (H⁺ easily donated)
• Also written ---COOH
• usually charged (ie ---COO^-) at cellular pH

are those that contain carbon.  More complex than inorganic molecules.  Generally, larger than inorganic molecules.

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

When molecules have the same number of atoms of each element, but different arrangements.

Carbon-based compounds, but common in compunds that contain carbon.

• Carbohydrates (sugars)
• Lipids (fats)
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

• Watered carbon.
• Always one carbon plus one water (H₂O): formula C_xH_2xO_x

More carbon than oxygen; repel water (hydrophobic)

Amino acids always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Some amino acids contain sulfur

• Sugar "backbone" plus nitrogenous base
•         Nitrogenous base with one or two rings.
•               One-ring pyrimidines (uracil, thymine, cytosine)
•               Two-ring purines (adenine, guanine) 
• Deoxyribose backbone: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Ribose backbone: ribonucleic acid (RNA)

are single units

glucose

amino acid

nucleotide

When monomers are bound together in a string or branched structure.

sugars, starches, and glycogen.

polypeptides and proteins.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules.

• Five or six carbons
• Always carbon + water
• Form ring structures by linking carbons 1 and 5 through an O

rings

ring structures with themselves.

When two or more carbohydrate molecules are strung together this way, the series of dehydrations results in a carbohydrate polymer.

drop the C atoms altogether. This is because carbons always form four bonds, so any time we see four lines converging on a point, we assume that point contains a C atom.