forensic

• 8 total, four max four man.
• Labial
• anterior teeth
• no cusps
• single root
• cuttingflat chisel like

• 4 total 2 max two man
• single cusp long single root
• tearing,cutting, holding
• labial

• 8 total
• two cusps 1-2 roots
• purpose is grinding

• 12 total
• 3 + cusps
• 2+ roots
• purpose grinding

• Adult, 12 molars, 8 premolars, 4 canines, 8 incisors
• Child, 8 molars, no premolars, 4 canines, 8 incisors

• Penis bone - bacculum
• metapodials
• plexiform bone

• separate clavicle
• unfused tibia, fibula and ulna
• metacarpals

• Animal has a smoother cortical surface
• smoother surface
• greater bone density relative to size
• thicker bone cross section
• bears have claws + distal ends of their phalanges are  more grooved

• Yellowish
• greasy
• heavy/solid - due to organic matter
• smooth
• tough
• surgical implants 
• coffins

• discoloured
• grainy
• dry
• light and fragmented
• sun bleaching if left out
• colour of surrounding soil if in ground
• fragile
• decorative dentalfilling
• severe dental wear
• disfigured skulls

flexed, semi flexed, in coffin, extended coffin burial

Location, mapping, extracting and collecting

Morse et. al

• Many personnel required
• scene known so first stage unecessary
• collected immiediately to avoid decray and identification possibilities
• numbers assigned to bodies
• central axis used instead of grid system
• temporary morgue
• victim identificaiton system
• questionnaire for families

Crime committed with intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnic,racial, religious grou

• Preforensic investigation
• - identification of site, eye witness and using aerial photos
• Forensic investigation
• -has four main group of people
• - chief investigator
• -chief archaeologist -site excavation
• -chief anthropologist - charge of skeletal analysis
• chief pathologist - establishc c. of death and identity of victims

fresh, early, active, advanced, skeletal/dry, extreme decomp

• Pallor - paleness (can only used <30min)
• Algor - temp (18 hours)
• Livor - blueness of death
• -settling of blood (no blood at contact pallor)
• Rigor - stiffness of death
• - small muscles (2-4 hrs) big muscles (12 hrs), finish in 24 hours

• Autolysis and putrefaction
• green abdomen (cecum) lower right side (24-36)
• marbling (36-48)
• bloating (36-72)
• purging of fluids, frothy = lungs 3 days~week

• Black putrefaction 10  - 25 days
• smell of death hydrogen sulphide, putrescine, CH4, cadaverine
• bloating gona, flat skin peeling back
• digestive organs first to decomp - muscles and connective tissue last.

• 20-50 days
• butyric fermentation - breaking down of fluids creating a cheesy smell.
• body finished flatening and fluids drying
• mummification occuring (warm dry conditions) can take 1 to 6 months to occur, skin leathery and organs like putty
• adipocere (grave wax) hydrolysis of fat
• occurs in anerobic conditions (water) where bacteria can no longer survive, causing the body to slow in decomp
• 1 to several months

• 50+ days
• body reduced to skeletons
• little soft tissue left
• use soil samples ot find tissue break down
• dermestid beetles, moths and bacteria feed on hair and keratin, mites eat bacteria

• bleaching
• exfoliaiton - loss of bone metaphysis and epiphysis

body in water 2 weeks and body in soil for 8 weeks

egg 24 hours = 1st instar larva +27 hours =2nd instar larva =+22 hourss = 3rd instar larva +130 hours = papa + 143 hours = fly

• eggs - small rice grains
• larvae- cooked rice grains
• pupae - brown rice grains