-
same #P/E
diff #N
isotopes
-
atoms decompose spontaneously into more stable forms
radioactivity
-
substances composed of 2+ components physically intermixed
mixtures
-
homogeneous mixtures of components
solutions
-
bonds b/w atoms formed by the transfer of 1+ e-
ionic
-
-
-
equal e- sharing
nonpolar
-
formed when a H atom is attracted by another e-hungry atom so that a "bridge" forms
hydrogen bond
-
basis of all rxns where food is catabolized (broken down)
Redox Rxn
-
reactant losing e- =====
e- donor oxidized
-
reactant gaining e- ====
e- acceptor is reduced
-
as more collisions in a system occur, there will be more combinations of molecules bouncing into each other
collision theory
-
Factors influencing Reaction Rate
- -temp/pressure
- -[ ]
- - catalyst
- -SA
- -Nature of Reactants
-
contains carbon
is covalently bonded
organic cmpd
-
all other chemicals in the body
inorganic cmpd
-
importance of water
- high heat of vaporization
- high heat capacity
- reactivity
- polar solvent properties
- cushioning
-
ionic cmpd containg cations (other than H+) & anions (other than OH-)
salt
-
salt dissolves ----> component ions
dissociate
-
substance that conducts electrical current
- salts, acids/bases
electrolyte
-
-
the kidney's job
proper ionic balance
-
acid
proton donor (relases H+)
-
base
proton acceptor (takes in H+)
-
a measure of hydrogen ions in solution in moles per liter or molarity
ph
-
chemicals that resist large or abrupt changes in pH by acting as:
acids when pH rises &
bases when pH drops
buffers
-
disaccharides formed by:
dehydration synthesis
-
fats & oils
insoluble in water,C,H & O
lipids
-
3 fatty acids & a glycerol; stored fuel
triglycerides
-
polar "head" & nonpolar "tail"
form cell membranes
phospholipids
-
4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings
steroids
-
structural material and enzymes;C,H,O,N, some contain phosphorous or sulfur
proteins
-
amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis
peptide bond
-
primary
"strand" of amino acids
-
-
tetiary
helix or pleat folds in on itself to form a "glob" 3D shape
-
quaternary
two or more polypeptide chains folded with each other
-
fibrous
fiber-like, collagen, keratin, actin & myosin in muscles; structural
-
globular
- compact, spherical
- enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies
- functional
-
globular proteins that help other proteins fold properly
molecular chaperons
-
globular proteins that act as biological catalysts to regulate or accelerate reaction but are not used up during reaction
characteristic of enzymes
-
vitamin or metallic ions necessary for proper protein function
coenzyme
-
-"ase"
helps break down the sugar lactose
-
mechanism of enzyme activity:
- 1. enzyme binds with substrate
- 2. enzyme-substrate complex rearranges
- 3. enzyme releases product
-
made of C,H,O,N,P
nucleic acids
-
made of N base, 5C sugar, & a phosphate group
Nucleotides-monomer
-
Nitrogen bases: Purines vs. Pyrimidines
- Purines: adenine, guanine
- Pyrimidines are: thymine, cytosine & uracil
-
found in nucleus of cell
genetic material, replicates
provides intructions for making proteins
(double helix)
DNA
-
inside & out nucleus
carries out intructions in DNA
(single strand)
RNA
-
glucose is broken down during cellular respiration into energy packets the cells can use for reactions; each glucose molecule produces 36 # of ____
ATP
-
dissociate in water releasing H+ and a negative ion other than OH-
acid
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