Bio Chp 4

An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend_ visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewers eye or onto photographic film

The theory that  all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.

An instrument that focuses and electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen. An electron microscope achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope.

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens.

The membrane that sets a cell off from its surrounding and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer in whcih are embedded molecules of proteina and cholesterol.

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic ccell and most visible during prokaytotic cell. Choromosomes consits of chromatin a combination of DNA and protein

A cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized into two subunits and fuctioning as the site of protein synthesis inthe cytoplasm. the ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus.

Everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles.

Electron Microscope

• no membrane surrounds the DNA
• A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

Ribosomes

In prokaryotes, the cell wall protects the cell and is fairly rigid, and chemically complex.

In some prokaryotes, another layer, a sticky ot coat, surrounds the cell wall and further protects the cell surface

• Surface projections
• Short projections called ___ that help attach prokaryotes to surfaces. 

Pili

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaytoes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function. Like Cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a 9+2 arrangment of microtubules covered by the cell's plasma membrane.

• 1.A membran-enclosed structure with a specialized function within the cell
• 2. cytoplasm

• nucleus
• ribosomes
• endoplasmic reticulum
• golgi apparatus

• Lysosomes
• vacuoles
• peroxisomes ( not part of endomembrane system

• Cytoskeleton (cilia, flagella, and centrioles in animal cells)
• Extracellular matrix (animals)
• Cell junctions
• Cell wall s ( in plants, fungi and some protists)

energy processing

The chemical activites of the cell

plant

rigid and thick ( fungi and many protists)

cellulose

• are channels through cell walls that connect adjacent cells.
• An open channel in a plant cell wall through which strands of cytoplamsm connect from adjacent cells. 

central vacuole

Phospholipids

Negatively charged (hydrophilic) phosphate group (head) AND two non polar, hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Phosphoipid bilayer

diverse proteins

Tail

An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell

The complex of DNA and proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extednded form taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing

A double mebmrane, perforated with pores, that encloses the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the eukaryotic cell

A structure within the nucleus  of a eukaryotic cell where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits

suspended in the fluid of the cytoplasm

attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

cytoplasm

A network of membranes insie and around a eukaryotic cell, related either thorugh direct physical contact or by the transferof membranous vesicles.

An extensice membranous network in a eukaryotic cel, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome- free (smooth) regions.

• lacks attached ribosomes
• important in the synthesis of lipids including oils, phospholipids and steroids. 
• stores calcium ions

• Ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the membrane, and thus it appears rough in the electron micrograph
• Makes more membranes. 
• Makes insulin.

Smooth

a sugar

a vesivle that is in transit from one part of the cell to another

• cell may contain a few or hundreds of stacks. 
• receives and modifies products manufactured by the ER.
• One side recives while the other releases vacuoles to be sent else where. 
• Molecular identificaion tags, such as phosphate groups, may be added that surve to mark and sort molecules into different batches for different destinations
• Entire sacs "mature" as they move from one side to the other

• made by rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for for further processing
• The Lysosomal membrane encloses a compartment in which digestive enzymes are  provided with an acidic environment and are safely isolated from the rest of the cell.
• Fuse with food cavuoles and then break down the food, releasing nutrients to the cell. 

Lysosomes

• lipid-digesting enzyme is missing, and brain cells vecome impaired by an accumulationof lipids. ( Lysosomes are taking in the food vacuoles but become engorged because there is nothing within the lysosomes to break down the food )
• Children will only last a few years with this disease

Hydrolytic functions like a lysosome

converting the chemical energy of foods such as sugars to the chemical energy of a molecule called ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

the main energy source for cellular work. 

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic molecules(sugars) from carbon dioxide and water. 

A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arrange in a 9 and 0 pattern. An Animal usually has a centrosome with a pair of centrioles involved in cell division

The membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, knit together by proteins. Forming continuous seals around cells, tight junctions prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells. Such a sheet of tissue lines the digestive tract, preventing the contents from leaking into the surroundsing tissues

Function like rivets fastening cells together into stron sheets. Inermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins anchor thes junctions in the cytoplasm. Anchoring junctions are common in tissues subject to stretching or mechanical stress, such as skin and heart muscle.

(communicating junctions) are channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein lined pores between neighboring cells. 

DNA sysnthesis; RNA synthesis ; assembly of ribosomal subunits ( in nucleoli)

Polypeptide (protein) synthesis

Synthesis of membrane lipids an dproteins, secretory proteins, and hydrolytic enzymes; formation of transport vesicles

Lipid synthesis; detoxification in liver cells; calcium ion storage

modification and transport of macromolecules; formation of lysosomes and transport vesicles

Digestion of ingested food, bacteria, and a cell's damaged organelles and macromolecules for recycling

Digestion (like lysosomes); storage of chemicals; cell enlargement; water balance

Diverse metabolic processes, with breakdown of H2O2 by-product

Conversion of Chemical energy of food to chemical energy of ATP

Conversion of light energy to chemica energy of sugars

• Cilia, flagella, and centrioles in animal cells.
• maintenance of cell shape; anchorage for organelles; movement of organelles within cells; cell movement; mechanical transmission fo signals from exterior of cell to interior

Binding of cells in tissues; surface protection;regulation of cellular activites

Communication between cells; binding of cells in tussues

Maintenacne of cell shape and skeletal support;s urface protection; binding of cells in tissues