Biology 701 Midterm 1 Review Part 1

• a) organised matter
• b) energy
• c) homeostasis
• d) growth and development
• e) movement
• f) response to stimuli
• g) reproduction
• h) adaptation

Atoms->Molecules->Organelles->Cells->(Unicellular/multicellular Tissue)->Organs->Systems->Organisms->Populations->Community->Ecosytems->Biomes

• Elements found in molecules
• Specific structure
• Gives molecule a specific funcion

Group of atoms with specific sturcture, function

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Protiens
• Nucleic acid

Structures inside a cell with a specific function

Basic unit of life

• Single-cell organism
• ex. Paramecium, bacteria

• Organisms composed of multiple cells
• ex. Plants, animals

Group of similar cells

• Body part with a specific structure and function
• Composed of different tissues
• ex. Stomach, Heart, Skin

An individual living thing.

Group of organs with a general/similar function

Members of the same species interacting together

Sum of many populations interacting together

Community interacting with its abiotic (physical) factors

A large terrestrial ecosystem

6CO₂ + 6H₂O -> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O2

• Sunlight energy is stored in glucose (organic molecule)
• Takes place in organelle: cholroplast (found in plant cells)
• Cholroplast contains chlorophyll (molecule that traps sunlight energy)
• INPUTS: Sunlight energy, water, carbon dioxide
• OUTPUTS: Oxygen, glucose

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -> 6H₂O + 6CO2

• ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate: Cellular energy used for cells to do work (growth, movement, cell division)
• Takes place in organelle: Mitohondrium/Mitochondria
• INPUTS: Glucose, oxygen
• OUTPUTS: Water, carbon dioxide

• Sum of all chemical reactions within a cell or organism
• Catabolism + anabolism = metabolism

• Reactions that break down molecules into smaller ones and release energy
• Ex. Cellular respiration, hydrolysis

• Reactions form larger molecules and store potential energy
• ex. Photosynthesis, dehydration

• Primary producer (autotrophs, self-feeding. i.e. Plants) -> Primary consumer (i.e. insect herbivore) -> Secondary consumer (i.e. rodent omnivore) -> Tetiary consumer (i.e. Snake, carnivore) -> Quaternary consumer (i.e. falcon top carnivore)

• Self-feeding organism (primary producers)
• i.e. plants produce glucose from photosynthesis

• Organism that feeds on others for energy
• i.e. animals, all consumers

Energy is not created or destroyed, it is transformed

When energy is tranfered, some of it is lost to entropy

Only about 10% of the energy stored in the organic matter of each trophic level is converted to organic matter in the next trophic level.

• Maintining the internal milieu constant
• Dynamic equilibrium, healthy balance inside body
• i.e. body temprerature, blood sugar, pH of blood cells, blood volume

DNA (genes)

The movement of organelles within the cytoplasm

A change in the environment. Can be internal (within an organism) or external

• One individual producing genetically identical offspring
• ex. bacteria, regeneration, cutting off a plant

• Two individuals contributing an equal amount of genetic information, producing genetically different offspring
• ex. animals, pollination of plants

• Water is polar covalent
• Polar covalent = the unequal sharing of electrons within a molecule
• Oxygen is electronegative
• 
• Hydrogen end is slightly positive
• Oxygen end is slightly negative

• A bond formed between the hydrogen of a one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule. Water molecules bond together with hydrogen bonds.
• One molecule can cling to a maximum of 4 other water molecues.

• 1) Cohesion
• 2) Adhesion
• 3) Capillary action
• 4) Tensile strength
• 5) High specific heat capacity
• 6) HIgh heat of vaporization
• 7) Versatile solvent

• The clinging of water molecules to other molecules using hydrogen bonds
• i.e. water spiders spread their weight over a large surface area so as to not pierce the surface tension of the water

• Water's strong tendency to cling with hydrophilic molecules
• Hydrophilic molecules are polar/charged

Water doesn't cling to hydrophobic molecules (non-polar molecules such as lipids, oil)

Tendency of water to go up against gravity within a small diameter tube（vessel)

Water's resitance to being pulled apart due to gravity

• Requires a lot of energy to increase the temperature of water because hydrogen bonds must be removed
• Important for homeostasis of body temperature (keeps temperature constant)

• Requires a lot of energy for a molecule of water to turn into vapour
• The remaining surface cools-> evaporative cooling, ex. sweating and panting-> homeostasis of body temperature

• 1. Water clings to the soil particles by adhesion
• 2. Water molecules form a chain by cohesion
• 3. Water goes up the root by capillary action, clings to cell wall xylem by adhesion
• -> xylem=tubes in stem of plant
• 4. The chain of water molecules is not broken by gravity due to tensile strength
• 5. Water leaves by transpiration during gas exchange 
• for photosynthesis, this pulls the chain of water up the plant

• Macromolecules are large chaings of organic molecules 
• Sythesized by cells or obtained from the diet

• 1) Carbohydrates
• 2) Lipids
• 3) Proteins
• 4) Nucleic Acid

• a) monosaccharides
• b) amino acids
• c) nucleotides

• A small molecule that usually has a specfic role in the body
• Sub-unit of polymers
• Contains a hydrogen and hydroxyl end

A very large molecule composed of many monomers

• a) polyssacharides
• b) poypeptides
• c) DNA, RNA

Dehydration (condensation)

• Joining of monomers to form larger molecules that eventually become polomers
• Process forms water molecules by joining monomers together

Hydrolysis

• Breaking of large molecules to release monomers usually with the help of a digestive enzyme
• Water is absored and the monomer is "hydrolized"
• Water is used to BREAK molecules

• Glucose:
• product of photosynthesis
• blood sugar
• fuel for cellular respiration

Sub-unit formed by two monomers linked with a glycosidic linkage

• Sucrose:
• Glucose+Fructose 
• Table sugar
• Plants transport in phoem

• Lactose:
• Glucose+galactose
• Milk sugar

• They are carbohydrate polymers: composed of many monosaccharides
• Polsaccharides store energy and are used as structural/building materials

• Starch
• Composed of many alpha glucose
• Storage of energy in plants
• Diet complexe carbohydrate

• Glycogen
• Composed of many alpha glucose
• Energy storage in liver and skeletal muscles of animals

• Cellulose
• Composed of beta glucose
• Cell wall of plant cells
• Structural polysaccharide

• Chitin
• Composed of amino sugars
• Cell wall of fungi (mushrooms, yeast, molds)
• Exoskeleton of anthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans)

• No, cellulose exits our digestive system in the form of fibers.
• Insoluble fibers lower risk of colon cancer
• Soluble fibers (oats) lower blood cholesterol

Yes, which is why it is used in stitches 

False; lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

• 1. Fats and oils
• 2. Phospholipids
• 3. Steroids

Triacylglyceral or tryglycerides

• Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
• Bonded with Ester linkages formed through dehydration

• 1. Saturated fatty acid chain
• 2. Unsaturated fatty acid chain

They have no double bonds, all carbons in the chan have two hydrogens

• Red meat, chocolate, tropical oils
• Increases risk of cardiovascular disease

They have double bonds and are better for your health

• Monounsaturated
• -One double bond
• -Sources: olive oil, canola oil
• - Decrease risk of cardiovascular disease and blood cholesterol

• Polyunsaturated
• -Many double bonds
• -Omega-3
• -Decrease cardiovascular diease and symptoms of PMS, menopause
• Increase brain integrity
• Sources: fish, tuna, salmon, flaxseed

• Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
• In a phospholipid: hydrophilic head + two hydrophobic tails

• They are a major component of membranes including cell membranes and membrane-bound organelles 
• Make up the phospholipid bilayer!

Steroids, a sub-category of lipids

Cholesterol is made in the liver of animals; it is a steroid used to make other steroids, such as estrogen and testosterone. It is thus named a precursor. 

• The liver packages them in a lipoprotein for transport 
• Lipids are wrapped inside a protein

• HDL (high density lipoprotein)
• Lower blood cholesteral, lower risk of cardiovascular disease

• LDL (low density lipoprotein)
• Causes cardiovascular disease: plaque, heart attack, stroke

Central carbon attached to a caboxyl group (COOH), hydrogen, amino group, sidechain 'R' that varies to make 20 different amino acids

Peptide bond

• 1. Structural (building materials)
• 2. Storage (of nutrients)
• 3. Transport
• 4. Hormone 
• 5. Receptor for chemical messenger
• 6. Antibody
• 7. Enzymes
• 8. Movement

• Keratin found in hair, nails, hoofs, horns
• Collagen in skin, ligaments, elasticity

• Ovalbumin in eggwhites 
• Casein in nuts

• Hemoglobin transports oxygen in red blood cells
• Carrier protein in plasma membrane transports hydrophilic monomers in/out of cell 

A chemical messenger to maintain homeostasis.

• Steroids -> sex hormones -> estrogen, testosterone
• Bipeptides -> Aspartame, epimephrime
• Protiens -> Insulin, glucagon

They maintain blood sugar (glucose) within homeostatic range

• Stimulated by hypogycemia (low [glucose] in blood]
• Pancreas secretes glucagon into blood stream
• Glucagon binds to its specific receptor on liver
• Liver hydrolyses glycogen to relase glucose into bloodstream

• Stimulated by hyperglycemia (high [glucose] in blood)
• Pancreas secretes insulin in bloodstream
• Insulin binds to its receptor located on target cells and increases uptake of glucose in cells
• Glucose is absorbed by target cells and transformed into ATP
• Liver and skeletal muscles store glycogen
• Extra glucose is converted into fat

• Hormone
• Neurotransmitter

• It is a protein that attacks foreign things
• Is a part of the immune system
• Synthesis is triggered by the presence of an antigen

• They are catalysts: they make reactions happen faster (lowers activation energy of i.e. the digestion/hydrolysis of sucrose)
• Involved in catabolic and anabolic reactions
• They work on a specific substrate that fits into the enzyme's active site
• Saturated when present in the active site
• Induced fit
• Recyclable

• Motor Protein moves organelles on the cytoskeleton
• Actin allows sliding of proteins during musculr contraction