-
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surrounds the whole cell, decides what goes in & out-made of phospholipid
plasma membrane
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what contains organelles?
cytoplasma
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holds chromosomes (genetic information)
nucleus
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site of ATP synthesis
mitochondria
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Site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
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in the cytoplasma by themselves, makes protein for that cell only
free ribosomes
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endoplasmic reticulum, makes protein for another part of the body
attached ribosomes
-
what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
fold proteins
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ribosomes attached, folds proteins to be shipped
rough endoplasmic reticulum
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makes lipids
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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takes stuff in, packages it into vesticle, ships protein out of the cell
golgi apparatus
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destroys anything we don't want in the cell
lysome
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neutrolizes free radicals
peroxisomes
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how do peroxisomes neutralize free radicals?
turn free radicals into H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) then pulls it apart for oxygen and water
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how do things enter and exit the plasma membrane?
goes through the membrane or a doorway
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what is the plasma membrane composed of?
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
-
type of protein that goes all the way through the protein channel
intrinsic proteins
-
type of proteins that go outside the membrane
extrinsic
-
what are channel proteins?
those who can pass through the membrane
-
type of channel that is freely moving, always open (as long as right thing is trying to go through it) think tunnel
nongated ion channels
-
type of channel that is closed until something happens, think turnpike
gated ion channel
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lock & key type channel -must fit to bind and open door
ligand gated
-
channel- electricity message must be recieved to open
voltage gated
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hairs on surface of cell used to move stuff
cilia
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-
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higher concentration to lower concentration (adding or releasing energy?)
passive transport, releasing
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swimming upstream (releasing or adding energy?)
active transport, adding
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movement of substances from high concentration to low directly through phospholipid bi-layer
simple diffusion
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what things can pass through the membrane?
carbon dioxide, oxygen, and small lipids
-
passive movement (high to low) but for bigger things
facilitated diffusion
-
movement of water from higher to lower-the more stuff you have, the less water
osmosis
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same ratio of rocks to water; no movement
isotonic
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more stuff is in the solution than in the cell, cell to solution
hypertonic
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more stuff is in the cell than in the solution, solution to cell
hypotonic
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cell eating, applies when solid food particles are ingested
phagocytosis
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cell drinking, different from phagocytosis because the molecules are dissolved in liquid
pinocytosis
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to exit the cell
exocytosis
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all chromosomes are located here
nucleus
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all genetic info is stored here
chromosomes
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holds proteins inside
genes
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what's inside the genes, responsible for how we look
protein
-
what are the components of a nucleotide
five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
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Make pairs for: G T A C
C A T G
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is a single strand of sugar, uses ribose as it's sugar
RNA
-
this can be found in the nucleus or cytoplasma
RNA
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RNA pairs: T A G C
A U C G
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takes code to ribosome
messenger RNA
-
makes up the ribosome, reads strands
ribosomal RNA
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all pairs to amino acids (to make proteins)
transfer RNA
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making of messenger RNA
transcription
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making a protein
translation
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misread 1 letter
point mutations
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detrimental change in DNA
frame shift
-
copies all of one gene
protein synthesis
-
copies all of DNA
DNA replication
-
what divides the DNA latter into 2?
DNA helicase
-
what makes a pair for a strand of DNA
DNA plymerase
-
what connect DNA back together?
DNA ligase
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