BCMB KEY TERMS ERMAHGERD

rotates extracts of broken cells at high speeds to separate them

sucrose gradient, separated by size and shape

cesium chloride or sucrose gradient, separated based on buoyancy

slows movement of molecules with opposite charge found on the ions, separated by charge

porous matrix, molecules that can fit in the pores will be slowed down, separated by size

uses substrates on the matrix to bind specifically targetted protein, separated based on property

separate proteins by size, detergent (SDS) and reducing agent (ß mercaptoethanol) unfold protein and separate polypeptide subunits

proteins will separate according to native charge

double bond present

no double bonds present

carboxylic acids; long hydrocarbon tails

hydrophilic head group; two hydrophobic fatty acid tails; three carboxylic acids; phosphate group

containing both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region

(phosphatidyl) -ethanolamine, -serine, -choline

-serine

flexion, rotation, lateral diffusion, flip-flop (rarely)

cytosolic

amphiphilic; hydrophobic regions pass through the membrane; hydrophilic regions interact with the water on either side

single pass, multi pass, ß barrel, amphiphilic α on surface, covalently attached lipid chain, GPI-anchored, noncovalent interactions with other membrane proteins

cleaves single-chain multipass membrane protein into two-chain multipass membrane

outer membrane of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and many bacteria

noncytosolic side

hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic head

creating barriers around hydrophobic portions of molecules as they are transfered; create bubbles around them

transfer solutes across cell membranes; multipass transmembrane proteins

aggregation, intracellular scaffold, extracellular scaffold, cell-cell interaction

movement of two different molecules in the same direction

Na+/glucose co-transporter

coupled, atp-driven, light-drive

transfer of two different molecules in the opposite direction

• Na+(--)H+ exchanger
• Na+(--)driven Cl-(--)HCO3- exchanger
• Na+(--)independent Cl-(--)HCO3-exchanger

H+ is directly transported out of the cell and Na+ into the cell

influx of NaHCO3 to an efflux of HCl

• P-type
• F-type
• V-type
• ABC-type

ions, uses atp, phosphorylates itself

called ATP synthases; bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts; 

only pump H+; found in lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles

small molecules only, not ions

low in cytosol, high in extracellular space

high in cytosol, low in extracellular space

low in cytosol, high in extracellular space

• P-type Ca2+ ATPase
• P-type Na+-K+ ATPase

• gated
• transmembrane
• vesicular

cytosol to nucleus

• cytosol to:
• mitochondria
• ER
• plastids
• peroxisomes

ER to golgi mainly

found in cytosol; RanGTP->RanGDP

found in nucleus; RanGDP->RanGTP

required for nucleur import and export

• lipid and protein biosynthesis
• intracellular Ca2+ store for signaling responses

when the ER breaks and forms small, enclosed, authentic versions of ERs still capable of regular ER functions

• transmembrane proteins partly translocated across ER and embedded in it
• water-soluble proteins fully translocated across membrane and released in lumen

caralyzes the oxidation o ree SH groups to form disulfide bonds

extracellular spaces, rarely in cytosol

• pulls proteins post-translationally into ER
• recognizes incorrectly folded proteins

• asparagine side chain (N-linked)
• 2 N-acetylglucosamine
• 9 mannose
• 3 glucose

holds precursor oligosaccharide in ER membrane; transfers chain to target asparagine

drives the reaction of precursor oligosaccharide to the asparagine; found with every translocator

2 N-acetylglucosamines and 3 mannoses on cytosolic side, flips to lumen, then rest of the sugars added

binds to incompletely folded proteins containing one terminal glucose

detects if the protein is folded properly, if not adds a glucose so it can rebind to calnexin

• IRE1
• PERK
• ATF6

• signal need for more er chaperones by activating a kinase
• kinase turns into endoribonuclease
• endoribonuclease removes RNA intron
• two exons ligated to form active mRNA
• mRNA translated to make gene regulatory protein
• gene regulatory protein enters nucleus and activated gene encoding ER chaperones
• chaperones made in ER, help fold proteins

lipid made primarily in the ER; occurs exclusively in the cytosolic leaflet

equilibriates prospholipids between the two lealets of the lipid bilayer

Hsp70 and Hsp60

acts early; bind to hydrophobic patches; hydrolyzes ATP

barrel-shaped; acts after protein has been fully synthesized; 

degrades proteins; recognizes ubiquitin chains;