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tough white outer coat of the eyeball
sclera
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membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeballs
conjunctiva
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transparent anterior part of the eye
cornea
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the middle, vascular coat of the eye, between the sclera and the retina
choroid
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pigmented membrane behind the cornea, perforated by the pupil
iris
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opening in the center through which light enters the eye
pupil
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transparent body separating the posterior chamber and constituting the refracting mechanism of the eye
lens
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eye muscle capable of changing lens shape during contraction and relaxation
ciliary muscle
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watery liquid in chamber in front of the lens; it circulates through the anterior chamber of the eye
aqueous humor
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jellylike transparent substance in the posterior chamber
vitreous humor
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innermost layer of the eyeball, containing elements for reception and transmission of visual stimuli
retina
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dimness of vision without a detectable organic lesion of the eye; related to absence, weakness, or paralysis of an eye muscle
amblyopia
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condition characterized by irregular cornea and lens of the eye; corrected with lenses
astigmatism
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inflammation of the eyelids
blepharitis
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drooping of upper eyelid
blepharoptosis
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opaque (not clear) lens of the eye
cataract
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a small eyelid mass resulting from chronic inflammation of a meibomian gland
chalazion
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popular term from any deviation from normal perception of color
color blindness
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inflammation of the conjunctivia
conjunctivitis
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a local inflammation of the cornea caused by injury or inflammation
corneal ulcer
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inflammation of the lacrimal gland
dacryoadenitis
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inflammation of the lacrimal sac
dacryocystitis
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a lacrimal calculus (stone)
dacryolith
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separation of the inner layers of the retina from the pigment epithelium
detached retina
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scarring of the capillaries of the retina as a consequence of DM of long duration. retinal defects of DM include abnormal dilation of the retinal veins, hemorrhage, microaneurysms, and neovascularization (new blood vessels forming near the optic disk causing leakage of blood). effects cause permanent damage and will lead to blindness. leading cause of blindness in U.S.
diabetic retinopathy
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"spots before the eyes"; these seposits in the vitreous of the eye usually move about and are probably a benign degenerative change. also seen in hypertension
floaters (in vitreous)
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any object not belonging to the eye; hazards depending on circumstances
foreign body in the eye
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eye disease characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure related to alterations in circulation in vitreous humor, causing pathologic changes and visual defects
glaucoma
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blood escaping from the vessels, and bleeding from beneath the conjunctiva
hemorrhage (subconjunctival)
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involving the fifth cranial nerve (forehead, eyelid, and cornea), this infection by a herpes virus can be serious
herpes zoster (ophthalmic)
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eye injuries include foreign bodies, contusions, lacerations, burns, etc
injury
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inflammation of the iris
iritis
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conical protrusion of the central part of the cornea
keratoconus
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deterioration of the macula of the eye, resulting in a severe loss of central vision in the affected eye
macular degeneration
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a small localized swelling of the eyelid resulting from obstruction and retained secretions of the meibomian glands. a nonmalignant condition; often requires surgery for correction
meibomian cyst
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involuntary rapid movement (horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed) of the eyeball
nystagmus
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edema of the optic disk
papilledema
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diminution of accomodations of the lens of the eye caused by loss of elasticity, normally occurring with again; farsightedness
presbyopia
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inflammation of the retina
retinitis
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a tumor arising from the retinal cells
retinoblastoma
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quint; deviation of the eye from normal; crossed eyes; usually correctable
strabismus
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inflammation of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid
stye (or hordeolum)
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a contagious disease of the conjunctivia and cornea, producing photophobia, pain, and lacrimation; uncommon
trachoma
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inflammation of the uvea (iris and blood vessels)
uveitis
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a surgical excision of the lens of the eye. special lens or glasses are prescribed
cataract extraction
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application of extremely low temperature for the removal of a cataractous lens
cryoextraction
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fixation of a detached retina using extremely low temperature instead of the laser beam
cryoretinopexy
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incision of the lacrimal sac and duct
dacryocystotomy
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surgical removal of the eye
enucleation
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examination and study of the fundus of the eye by means of an ophthalmoscope
fundoscopy
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instrument for demonstrating ocular motility and rotation
gonioscopy
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excision of part of the iris
iridectomy
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excision of part of the iris in glaucoma
iridencleisis
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plastic surgery of the cornea; corneal grafting
keratoplasty
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using the laser beam to treat retinal detachment
laser photocoagulation
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growth of the conjunctiva: neovascularization that invades the cornea; it can be removed surgically
pterygium surgery
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an instrument used in ophthalmology for examining the conjunctiva, lens, vitreous humor, iris, and cornea. a high-intensity beam of light is projected through a narrow slit and a cross-section of the illuminated part of the eye is examined through a magnifying lens
slit lamp
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instrument for measuring tension or pressure, especially intraocular pressure
tonometer
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measurement of tension or pressure, e.g. intraocular pressure
tonometry
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excision of fibrous bands or connective tissue
trabeculectomy
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aspiration of vitreous fluid and replacement with saline solution
vitrectomy
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adjustment of the eye for seeing objects at various distances
accommodation
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inequality in size of the pupils of the eyes
anisocoria
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a system of printing for the blind consisting of raised dots and prints that can be read by touch
Braille
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opening through which aqueous humor must flow out of pressure in the eye increases resulting in glaucoma
canal of Schlemm
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the angle at either end of the fissure between the eyelids
canthus (pl. canthi)
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with correction (glasses of lenses)
CC
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an instrument for applying extreme cold to tissue
cryoprobe
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an instrument for opening the lens capsule
cystitome
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unit of measure for lenses
diopter
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recording of eye movements to provide objective documentation of induced and spontaneous nystagmus
electronystagmography
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storage for donor organs
eye bank
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the back portion of the interior of the eyeball, visible through the pupil by use of the ophthalmoscope
fundus
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an instrument containing a perforated mirror and lenses used to examine the interior of the eye; also spelled "fundoscope"
funduscope (or ophthalmoscope)
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trained dogs for the blind; also called seeing-eye dogs
guide dogs
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secretion and discharge of tears
lacrimation
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a device that transfers light of various frequencies into an extremely intense, small beam of radiation. it is used as a tool in surgery, in diagnosis, and in physiologic studies
laser
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device for obtaining eyeglass prescriptions
lensometer
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a drug that causes contraction of the pupil
miotic (myotic)
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a drug that dilates the pupil
mydriatic
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abbreviation for oculus dexter (right eye)
OD
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instrument containing a perforated mirror and lenses, used to examine the interior of the eye; also called funduscope
ophthalmoscope
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abbreviation for oculus sinister
(left eye)
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abbreviation for oculus uterque (each eye) or oculus unitas (both eyes)
OU
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peripheral vision
vision at the outer edges when the eyes are looking straight ahead
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acronym for Pupils Equal, Round, React to Light, Accomodation
PERRLA (or PERLA)
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the determination of the refractive errors of the eye and their correction with glasses or lenses
refractive error
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without correction (glasses or lenses)
SC
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one of several charts used in testing visual acuity. letters, numbers, or symbols are arranged on the chart in decreasing size from top to bottom
Snellen eye chart
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clarity or clearness of vision
visual acuity (VA)
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a person who can read what the average person can read at 20 feet
20/20 vision
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