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what are organisms causing infection?
- -bacteria
- -viruses
- -fungi
- -parasites
- -prions
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an alteration in normal tissue function having characteristic signs and symptoms
disease
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invasion of body tissues by pathogenic organisms that multiply and cause injury and inflammatory responses
infection
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what are symptoms of a localized infection
- -redness
- -pain
- -warmth
- -swelling
- -pus may appear in a specific part (site)
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what are symptoms of a generalized infection
- -redness
- -pain
- -swelling
- -warmth
- -fever
- -malise
- -anorexia
- -prostration
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what are some types of infection
- -colonization
- -local
- -systemic
- -bacteremia
- -septicemia
- -actue
- -chronic
- -latent
- -primary
- -secondary
- -community acquired
- -nosocomial
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what type of infection is treated with antibiotics
systemic infection
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what is an endogenous source?
orginates from clients normal flora and some form of treatment that cause normal harmless bacteria to multiply
ex. antibiotics destroy normal flora cause yeast infection
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what is an exogenous source
pathogen acquired from hospital enviroment
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what is iatrogenic nosocomial contributing factors
due to medical therapy
ex. catherization, IV's
-
what are factors contributing to nosocomial infections
- -iatrogenic
- -compromised host
- -hand washing (BIGGIE)
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what are the common pathogens causing nosocomial infections
- -Escherichia coli (e.coli)
- -staphylococcus Aureus (staph)
- -Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
-
commom pathogen causing UTI
-normally lives in the intestines
-transmitted via unwashed hands, contaminated food and water, improper cleansing
E.coli
-
usually lives in nose and on skin of healthy people
-common cause of nosocomial surgical wound infections and nosocomial septicemia
staph
-
common pathogen in nosocomial pneumonia
-found around skins, water, irrigation solutions, nebulizers and respiratory equipment
-also found in the soil
pseudomonas
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what is a serum antibody test
- -measure reaction to certain antigen
- -positive result does not always mean active infection is present
-
what leukocyte will increase if infection is present?
neutrophils
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neutrophil is
- -the most circulating WBC
- -body's first line of defense in an actue infection
- -increased in acute, severe inflammation/ infection
- -phagocytize pathogen
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what is gram staining
- -method of staining bacteria
- -useful in bacteria taxonomy, identification, and indicating fundamental differennces in cell wall structure
-
gram positive organisms stain
purple-black
-
gram negative organisms stain
pink
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eosinophils is
- -increased in allergic and parasitic conditions
- -limited role in phagocytosis
-
basophils is
- -increased in the healing process
- -respond to inflammation from injury by releasing histamine and heparin granules as part of the inflammatory response
-
monocytes is
- -the body's second line of defense against bacterial infections and foreign substances
- -stronger than neutrophils and can ingest larger particles of debris
- -respond late during acute phase of infection and continue to function during chronic phase of phagocytosis
-increased in some protozoa, and rickettsial infections, TB, and leukemia
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what is lymphocytes
- -Play major role in immune system response as B lymphocytes & T lymphocytes
- -Increased lymphocytes (lymphocytosis) occurs in chronic & viral infections
- -Severe lymphocytosis commonly caused by chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- -Functions include antigen recognition & antibody production
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what is ESR or sed rate
- -Erythocyte sedimentation rate
- -Early screening test for inflammation
- -Not a definite test for infection
- -RBCs become heavier in infection & settle to bottom of test tube
- -ESR measures speed at which RBCs settle to bottom of test tube
- -The faster they settle, the greater the inflammation
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what is the six chains of infection
- -Infectious/Causative Agent
- -Reservoir/Source
- -Portal of Exit
- -Mode of Transmission
- -Portal of Entry
- -Susceptible Host
-
infectious/ causative agent is
-Organism responsible for causing infection
-
reservoir/ source
-Place where pathogens live, multiply & reproduce
-
portal of exit
-Way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir / source
-Examples: Respiratory tract, skin, mm, GI tract, GU tract, open lesions, or placenta
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mode of transmission
-Method in which microbe moves or is carried from one place to another
- Routes & Means = Direct/ droplet
- Indirect
- Airborne
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