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Pathogen
A cell that causes disease
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Difference between signs and symptoms? What do we have if we put it together?
- Sign is temp, weight ( numerical values measured by someone else)
- Symptom is hot, headeache ( what you feel )
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Differences between an acute and chronic disease
- Acute: temporary illness (days-weeks) ex flu
- Chronic: long term illness ( months, years, lifetime) ex cancer
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incubation
dormant,diseases not fully developed
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remission
temporary reversal of a disease, not yet cured
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etiology
study of known causes of diseases
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idiopathic
study of unknown causes of a disease
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epidemic
effects state/country (ex. West Nile virus)
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Endemic
effect local, cities (ex. Hanta Virus)
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Pandemic
effects globally (ex. HIV)
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How is a bacteria cell different from a eukaryotic cell?
Bacterica cells has a capsule white eukaryotic does not
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What three ways are bacteria classifed
- 1. function :anaerobic(w/o fermentation), aerobic(w/ O2)
- 2. stains: Gram +(purple) Gram - (red)
- 3. shape and size: bacillus(rod) coccus(circle) spiral/cureved(rare)
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The average size of a bacteria is ____ than the average size of a virus
Larger
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Why are antibiotics inneffective against viruses
Antibiotics work to alter the cell wall of a bacteria. By vreaking down the cell wall, it destroys the bacteria. Viruses have capsule so it is harder to break down
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Define vaccine and how it produces its effects
-weakened form of the virus that makes memory T-cells that can fight off virus if ever come in contact. Vaccines produces its effect by preventing illness and lessen epidemics spreading
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How are viruses different from living cells
viruses require living hosts in order to reproduce and are unacle to function outside of a living host cell. They lack the metabloic machinery found in all cells
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3 major categories of viruses, examples
Animals ; small pox ; plants potato x-y ; bacteria ;food poisoning
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reverse transcription and its relation to retrovirus. like HIV
RNA transcribed to DNA inside the host. The virus DNA incorporates into cell chromosome-> mRNA->HIV proteins. Then bud off and infect other cells.
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How are prions similar and different from viruses
- similar : both nonliving. Need a host in order to reproduce
- different: prions do not have DNA or RNA they are proteins
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Filoviruses? Examples
Thread-like viruses. They spread by contact with contaminated blood or tissue and cause a severe form of hemorrahagic fever. EXAMPLE: Ebola
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How do new viruses emerge
A cross-species transmission from animals to human known as zoonosis
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Basic structure of a viron
contains a single type of nucleic acit (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein coat or capsid. In some cases, the capsid is covered by an envolope.
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Distinguish between innate and adaptive body defenses against infection
Innate defense protects against many types of pathogens. The skin, mucous membranes, and tears fight against the infection adaptive body defense is very specialized in attacking specific foreign molecules EXAMPLE: lymphocytes and antigens
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What is innate defense and examples
- the first line defense
- EXAMPLES: skin eyelashes hair tears mucous membranes fevers and inflammation
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Distinguish between antigen and antibody
- Antigen are proteins outside og the cell that can recognize yourself from foreign invaders
- Antibodies, when attacked , are released to fight nonself invaders
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Origin of T cells and B cells
- T stands for Thymus
- B stands for Bone marrow
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Cellular and humoral immunity and to which type of lymphocytes do they function
- Cellular immunity is when TCELLS attack DIRECTLY
- Humoral immunity is when BCELLS attack INDIRECTLY
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Distinguish bewteen primary and secondary immune response
- Primary: activates BCELLS and TCELLS to cause a response
- Secondary: use recognized memory cells to fight off invaders
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How are allergic reactions similar and different to an immune response
- Similar: they sensitize lymphocytes,antibodies, and many bind antigens
- Diff: how they damage tissue
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Explain relationship between tissure rejection response and cellular immune response
Tissue rejection resembles the cellular immune response against a nonself antigen. The greater the antigenic difference between the cell surface molecules of the patients tissues and donors tissues, the more rapid and severe the rejection
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What is autoimmunity and give examples of autoimmune disorders
when the immune system fails to distinquish self from nonself and ends up attacking against self. EXAMPLES: juvenile diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus
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