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species
popuation of organisms that interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other groups
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allopatric speciation
geographic isolation; after separation, a species cannot breed with the parent population, so speciation occurs(new species)
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mebrane potential in palnts
difference in voltag between inerior and exterio ofthe cell wall
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endosymbiotic theory
all eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells
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support for endosymbiotic theory
- 1. endosymbiosis is common today
- 2. chloroplasts and mitochondria are double membrane bound
- 3. C and M have small chromosomes
- 4. C and M have bacteria-like ribosomes
- 5. C and M go through binary fission
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origin of eukaryotic cell*
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purpose of gastrula
to convert an embryo with one layer of cells into an embry with 3 layers of cells
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ectoderm forms
nervous system and epidermis
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endoderm forms
inner lining of the alimentary canal
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transport of phloem sap
moves by bulk flow. sucrose is actively bein made and moved into sieve tube members by active transport. source to sink
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bryophytes have no:
vascular tissue
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bryophytes adaptation to land
cuticle, gametangia, stromata
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antheridium gametangia
male part of bryophytes that contains the sperm cells
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archegonium gametangia
female part of bryophytes that contains the egg cells
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bryophytes are poorly adapted to land because:
they need water in order to reproduce because the sperm needs to swim in water in order to fertilize
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dominant bryophyte generation
gameophyte
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seedless vascular plants
non-seed tracheophytes such as ferns and horsetails
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sporangium
structure that produces spores in seedless vascular plants
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when did s.v.p. first evolve
- about 400 million years ago
- successful
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gymnosperms
- plants that evolved 360 million years ago and has seeds and produces pollen
- ex. conifers (pine trees)
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are gymnosperms well adapted to land?
yes
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pollen grain
immature male gametophyte
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what gymnosperm generation is dominant?
sporocyte
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angiosperms
flowering plants that evolved 130 million years ago
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describe an angiosperm seed
enclosed by fruit (ovary) which functions as a means for dispersal
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mycorrhizae
symbiotic relationship between a plant root and fungus (mutualistic)
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how does mycorrhizae work?
A fungus colonizes the cells of a plant's roots, and the hyphae of myecelium produces a root-like structure. The stucture produces a tremendous root area, which allows the plant to absorb more nutrients from the soil. The fungus will get the products of photosynthesis from the plant.
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myecillium
an entire network of hyphae
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hyphae
the microscopic, cylindrical, filamentrous structure that makes up fungi
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alternation of generations
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what do protostomes and deuterostomes refer to?
the differing fate of the initial opening of the primitive digestive tract in the embryo
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protostomes
blastopore developes into the mouth and th anus is formed second
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proto: phyla included
- anthropoda
- annelida
- mollusca
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proto: cleavage
spiral cleavage, determinate
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proto: coelom formation
schizocoelous, the body cavity begins as a split within a bud of mesodermal tissue at the time of gastrlation
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deuterostomes
the blastopore developes into the anus and the mouth is formed second
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deutero: cleavage
indeterminate radial cleavage
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deuero: coelom formation
entercoelous, coelom originates from an outpocketing of the archeterons during gastrulation
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coelom
body cavity lined wth epithelium derivedfrm the mesoderm
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pure water at one atmospere of pressure has a water potential of
1 megapascal
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