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Omo I
Who, discovered by Richard Leakey
What, oldest skeletal remains of homo sapiens
When, discovered 1967, almost 200,000 years old
Where, discovered in what is now Ethiopia
Significance, Omo I is significant because it is the oldest fossil remains of homo sapiens discovered and gives us the starting point for the peopling of the earth.
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“Out of Africa”
Thesis
Who, African Eve, woman that all homo sapiens can be traced back to.
What, we are all “African” and have African roots, and left Africa about to inhabit other parts of the world
When, Around 150,000 years ago, left 90,000 years ago
Where, East Africa, Ethiopia, Herto
Significance, This thesis is significant because it is evidence of the beginning of the first homo sapiens and the link that connects all humans
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“Multiregional”
Hypothesis
Who, Franz Weidenreich first, Carleton Coon second
What, debunked theory that humans evolved form different species at different ties in different places.
When,1900s
Where, All over
Significance, This hypothesis is significant because it is a common misconception that humans evolved in different places at different times rather than all from one place.
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Y- Chromosome DNA
Who, passed father to son
What, mutations (markers) passed down in the y-chromosome help genetics identify common lineages
When, 150,000 to now
Where, Out of Africa
- Significance, This is significant because tracing this marker can help create a map and
- timeline of when and where he first homo sapiens traveled out of Africa.
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Jared Diamond Thesis
Who, Jared Diamond scientist
- What, wanted to figure out why certain people have so much technology and other
- culture have so little
When, 2000s
Where, African, new Guinea
Significance, Significant because a theory that it is due to the type of animals that inhabit certain geography is the reason why certain regions are still foragers and why is so advanced. And that Europe happens to fall in the best axis
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Mohenjo-Daro
Who, Great River Valley States
What, Largest city in Pakistan Area, considered Harappa
When, 2000 BCE
Where, Indus River, Pakistan
- Significance, Mohenjo-Daro is the biggest city in the Pakistan area and is considered to be
- part of the Harappa and considered very significant because it was one of the most
- advance civilization of the time.
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Khufu
Who, Pharaoh of Egypt during old kingdom
What, considered a god and built one the pyramids
When, 2500 BCE
Where, Egypt
- Significance, Khufu is significant because he is considered on the quintessential pharaohs of the old
- kingdom of Egypt. He was considered a god and the people built him an elaborate pyramid for him.
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Ramses II
Who, Pharaoh of Egypt during new kingdom
What, quintessential pharaoh of the new kingdom
When, 1200, BCE
Where, Egypt
- Significance, Ramses II is significant because he is a prominent pharaoh that led Egypt who
- also used propaganda about his battle with the Hittites. Not considered a god,
- but chosen by god to rule.
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Sargon of Akkad
Who, Akkadian Emperor, know as The Great king
What, known for his conquering of the Sumerian city states
When, 2500 BCE
Where, What is now Syria and Iran
- Significance, Sargon was one of the first empires who expanded by conquering other city
- states around him
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Hatti
Who, Hittite Kingdom
- What, Hittites drew millions of the people know has the children of Hatti into a single
- network of production and distribution under a common allegiance and built an
- empire
When, 1800-1500 BCE
Where, Anatolia, what is now Turkey
- Significance, Hatti is significant because it was one the first kingdoms to bring its people
- into a single state political and economic system.
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Kush (Napata)
Who, Upper Nile Kingdom
What, 25th Dynasty of Egypt
When, 750 BCE
Where, Upper Nile, Africa, Egypt
- Significance, Kush, is the time of the first Black Pharaohs and invade Egypt and ruled over
- 50 years
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Mandate of Heaven
Who, Chinese philosophical concept of rulers, first was Zhou Dynasty
What, Belief that ruler need divine approval to rule
When, 1054 – 700 BCE
Where, China, Zhou Dynasty
- Significance, This is significant because it shows that change of that first rulers were
- considered gods themselves, but now that rulers where chosen by the gods and
- not gods themselves.
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Olmecs
Who, people inhabiting in area in Mexico
- What, first to create agricultural mounds that got the swamp water to irrigate aswell
- as raise fish in cannals and made huge stone face structures
When, 1500- 400 BCE
Where, Mesoamerica, what is now Mexico
- Significance, the Olmecs cultivation techniques influenced adjacent Mesoamerican civilizations
- because they were high yielding
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Phoenicia
Who, early civilization
What, maritime culture and relied on trade and were excellent ship builders
When, 1000 – 800 BCE
Where, Eastern coast of the Mediterranean sea
- Significance, Among the fist to set up trading post by sea and their alphabet was foundation
- of English alphabet
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Carthage
Who, earliest colony of the Phoenicians
What, trading post along the Mediterranean
When, 800 – 150 BCE
Where, Along the Northern African coast
- Significance, Wanted control of the Mediterranean sea trade and most important Phoenician
- colony, colonization
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Nineveh
Who, Assyrian civilization
What, the Capital of the Assyrian empire
When, 911 – 612 BCE
Where, What is now Northern Baghdad
- Significance, Oldest and most populated city of the Assyrian empire and the home of the king
- and magnificent art displays of the king entertaining the gods because kings
- were seen as only intimate with gods not as gods themselves
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Nebuchadnezzar II
Who, King of Babylon
What, planned massive building projects including the “Hanging gardens”
When, 605 – 522 BCE
Where, Babylon what is now Baghdad
- Significance, Remembered his palace which was comprised of magnificent art and architecture
- as well as the hanging garden of Babylon one of the seven wonders of the world
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Bantu Migration
- Who, West
- African civilization
What, migration of Bantu speakers throughout Africa into the great lakes
When, Started in 1000 BCE
Where, West Africa, Great Lakes region
- Significance, Significant for the spread of agriculture, herding and iron smelting throughout
- Africa
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Silk Roads
Who, Eurasia
- What, interconnected
- trade routes across Eurasia
When, 500 BCE
Where, Asia to Europe and all around
- Significance, Major development of land and sea trade routes that allowed civilization all
- from Europe to Asia trade with one another
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Kingdom of Israel
Who, Hebrews
What, Monarchy created by the Hebrews
When, 1300 – 1000 BCE
Where, Palestine
Significance, its capital was Jerusalem and holy land of the Jews
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Babylonian Captivity
Who, Babylonians
What, Hebrews in captivity form of worship changes and rededication to Yahweh
When, 586 – 537 BCE
Where, Babylon
- Significance, This is when the Jews were exiled from Babylon and allowed to return to Israel
- and a pivotal time for Judaism because of their disobedience to Yahweh
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Cyrus the Great
Who, Persian King
What, Founder of the Persian Empire and stretched the empire across the middle east
When, 600 – 530 BCE
Where, From India to Egypt to Turkey
- Significance, under his ruler Persia was the largest empires and also had society of sexual
- equality. Cyrus also allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem
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Warring States Period
- What, Chinese
- warlords annexed smaller states around them and consolidated their powers
When, 475 - 221
Where, China
- Significance, The Warring States Period saw the proliferation of iron working in China, replacing
- bronze as the dominant type of metal used in warfare
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Parthenon
Who, Greeks
What, temple to the Greek goddess Athena
When, 447 BCE
Where, Greece
- Significance, the Parthenon is an excellent example of Greek engineering and construction.
- Also Greek structures are the bases form much of American architecture of today
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Gautama Siddhartha
Who, created religion
What, Buddhism
When, 600 BCE
Where, India
- Significance, Siddhartha or the Buddha created Buddhism, which is a major religion to this
- day where a combination of mediation, prayer and unselfish behavior one can
- achieve happiness or nirvana
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Confucius
Who, thinker and philosopher
- What, called for respect of the gods and ancestors but refused interest in other worlds
- other than our own
When, 500 BCE
Where, China
- Significance, emphasized personal and governmental mortality, correctness of social
- relationships, justice ands sincerity
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Persian-Greek Wars
Who, Persians and the Greeks
What, Persians wanted to expand and conquer Europe and invade Greek
When, 500 – 400 BCE
Where, Greece
Significance, at the time it was a clash of the great empires and study as a great battle.
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Alexander the Great
What, immensely expanded the Greek empire
When, 338 BCE
Where, Greek to India
- Significance, Alexander the great is one of the most written about heroes and know and
- remembered for his conquering of the Persians and expanding Greek empire all
- the way to India
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Asoka
Who, King of India
What, responsible for the imperialism of India
When, 260 - 223 BCE
Where, India
- Significance, Asoka became Enlightened and followed Buddhism and spread Buddhism across India
- and ruled his empire according to Buddha ideals
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Shi Hangdi
Who, King of Qin
What, conquered the warring states and rebuilt an empire
When, 246 – 221 BCE
Where, China
- Significance, there was chaos in china among the divided warring states and Shi re-conquered
- the states in order to bring unity to china
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Point 1,
- Geography, axis of earth where that majority of animals that are optimal to be
- domesticated are found in this area
- Point 2,
- Out of Africa theory, we all came form Africa, and dispersed all around, there
- was no further biological evolution of homo sapiens
- Point 3,
- People that traveled to the Americas in 13,00 BCE and were there and survived
- until Europeans came in 1400s CE
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Essay 2
- Point 1,
- The Hittite Kingdom, which developed in the 1800s BCE would meet it tragic
- downfall. It would collapse because they were depended on trade because their
- land was not conducive to farming and agriculture was became one of their
- weaknesses. They were growing to fast and did not have the resources or manpower
- to satiate everyone. And they could not expand past their borders of the
- immovable powers of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Thus leading to the disappearance of
- the Hittites in the 1200s BCE
- Point 2,
- Another civilization to collapse was Crete. Which was located in Mediterranean Islands,
- the Crete region was large but the terrain was mostly mountain ranges leaving
- very little land to cultivate. Because of this Cretan food supply was limited
- and the Cretan decided to store the limited food and then redistribute it but
- shown from skeletal remains the Cretan were malnutrition. Crete met its
- downfall due to its week economy and complicated and incompetent food
- distribution system, which caused possible internal war. But their
- disappearance was also do to Earthquakes
- Point 3,
- One civilization that survived past 1000 BCE was Egypt. It had already been around
- for hundreds of years but Egypt was able to survive in a time where others fell
- because of its endurance to survive after invasions and keep its agrarian
- system intact. Egypt did fluctuate in size but the civilization stayed whole
- and under the command of pharaoh such as Ramses III was able to ward off the
- invasion attempts by the sea people keep Egypt political system together.
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