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Nutrition def.
injest, digest, absorb, transport, utilize, disqueeze
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6 nutrition conponents in food
carbs, protein,fats, water,vitamins,minerals.
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only what nutrients provide kcal/ energy
ony protein, fats, carbs.
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definition of Iatrogenic Malnutrition (医源性营养不良)
a nutritional disease resulting from medical treament to patient with drugs surgery or dipudict diet.
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example of Iatrogenic malutrition(医源性营养不良)
anticonvulsants 抗惊厥药(increase need for folic acid 叶酸)
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peristalsis (蠕动)
churning action that propels food down the tract.(搅动行动，推动食品上下道。)
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Peristalsis begins in
esophagus(食道)
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supplementations ≥ （大于等于）150% RDA 等于
megadose. may be toxic
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Bile(胆管)
produce in the liver(肝), store at gallbladder(胆囊).
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most Americans consume adequate(充足的)
protein
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digestion def.
changing food into the simplest form.
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all food turn to
glucose -- glycogen(糖原) -- fat
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merabolism def.
energy obtain from calories.
metabolizing fat, protein, carbs.
energy intake（ P. C. F）→ energy output (anabolism合成身体结构代谢, catabolism分解消化代谢)
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metabolism of glucose
from carbohydrate foods
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metabolism of fatty acids, glycerol, mono and diglycerol
from fat/lipid food
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metabolism of amino acid
from protein food
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steatorrhea ( fatty stools ) occurs when
fatty acids are not absorbed
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major source of energy and fiber
carbohydrate
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green bananas
have ↑ starch, but convert to sugar as aged
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corn
has ↑ sugar, but converts to starch as aged
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complex CHO ( polysaccharides )
- primarily starch and cellulose (fiber)
- found in breads, vegetables, and cereals(面包和蔬菜类)
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monosacchrides are goal of digesting carb
because it is simplest form of CHO(carbohydrate).
***3 important monosaccharides : glucose, frutose果糖，galactose半乳糖
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honey
- dextrose (blood sugar)
- honey contributes simple sugar
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main source of energy for the CNS (central nervous system)
glucose
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Disaccharides(双糖)
- Sucrose (蔗糖)= glucose + fructose(果糖) (table sugar)
- Lactose (乳糖)= glucose + galactose(半乳糖)
- Maltose(麦芽糖) = glucose + glucose
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Sucrotose 100% found in
table sugar and granulated sugar(粒糖).
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table sugar and granulated sugar are examples of
simple carbs
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lactose intolerance(乳糖消化不良) caused & symptoms症状
- a) causes: lactase insufficiency(乳糖酶功能不全).
- b) symptoms: blowing gasness and diarrhea, after eating dairy except cheese & yogurt
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polysaccharides (多糖)are considered
starches and fiber
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other terms for fiber
cellulose, gums, pectins (纤维素, 树胶, 果胶).
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glucose is stored as
polysaccharides(多糖)
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glycogen is stored in the
liver and muscle
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human don't have the enzyme to break fiber/cellulose down
so it is not absorbed
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ideal fiber per day
20 - 35 g fiber/ day
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too much fiber resulting
- decreased nutrient absorption. (6个)
- ex. ≥35g fiber/ day
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food sources of fiber
fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, wholegrains
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2 types of fiber
- insoluble fiber
- soluble fiber
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insoluble fiber may lower the risk of
calon cancer (结肠癌) and diverticulosis(憩室炎)
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soluble fiber may lower
cholesterol level(胆固醇)
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goal fiber per day
at least 3g/ 100 kcal from CHO food
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1g Carbohydrate(CHO)→
1g Fiber→
1g Alcohol→
1g Fat→
1g Protein→
- 1g Carbohydrate(CHO)→x4 =4kcal
- 1g Fiber→ x0 = 0 kcal
- 1g Alcohol→ x7 = 7 kcal
- 1g Fat→ x9 = 9kcal
- 1g Protein→x4 = 4kcal
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5g Carbohydrate(CHO)→
6g Fiber→
8g Alcohol→
2g Fat→
12g Protein→
- 5g Carbohydrate(CHO)→ 20 kcal
- 6g Fiber→ 0 kcal
- 8g Alcohol→ 56 kcal
- 2g Fat→ 18 kcal
- 12g Protein→ 48 kcal
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Consequences of Low CHO free diet
lose sodium, potassium, and water which accounts for weight loss and weakness
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fat must be used as primary source of energy, which is (abnormal 异常) and create a build up of _______
ketones/ketosis（酮症）
- symptoms of ketosis
- fatigue, dehydration, and loss of energy (疲劳，脱水，和的能量损失)
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sugar substitutes
- aspartame (阿斯巴甜artificial sweetener）(nutrasweet)
- saccharide 糖类 (sweet -n- low)
- splenda (sucralose)
- stevia甜叶菊(never consume > 2 tsp/day)
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side affects of aspartame
- nausea
- dizzyness
- headaches
- insomnia
- mentural inregularities
- CNS problems
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alcohol/ethanol
- water soluble
- Requires NO Digestion
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characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
slow infant growth, small head/body, distorted facial features, mental retardation (low IQ)
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higher fat consumption increases the risk of Cancer by
promoting cell division
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American Heart Association suggests we get ____%kcal from fat
30% kcal from fat
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2 major component of fats
- 1) Glycerol: common to all fats
- 2) fatty acid: can be change
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fatty acids can divide to 3 catagories
- saturated fats
- monounsaturated fats
- poly/unsaturated fats
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saturated fats
have 2 hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon in the fatty acid chain
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saturated fat increases the risk of
heart disease
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examples of saturated fats
animal fats (meat, dairy), tropical oil(coconut, palm), hydrogenated veg. oil (trans fat)
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dairy cheese butter yogurt milk
saturated fat
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monounsaturated fats
lacks 2 hydrogen atoms
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best fat
monounsaturated fat
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examples of monounsaturated fats
olive oil, canola oil, nuts/nut oil (peanut oil)
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olive oil
monounsaturated oil
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canola oil
monounsaturated oil
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nuts oil
monounsaturated oil
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poly/unsaturated fats
lacks many hydrogen atoms
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poly/unsaturated fats
increase the need of antioxidant
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examples of poly/unsaturated fats
all other vegetable oil
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cotton seed oil
unsaturated oil
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food industry hydrogenates liquid fat to decrease spoilage which increase
shelf life
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examples of hydrogenation
margin, store bought cookies, shortening, commercially prepared peanut butter
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skippy jiff
hydrogenation
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essential(body doesn't make ) fatty acid (must be provided by the diet)
- Linoleic acid (亚油酸)
- Linolenic acid (亚麻酸)
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omega 3 fats
lower risk of disease by decreasing inflammation
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examples of omega 3 fats
salmon, flax, walnuts
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cholesterol only found in
dietary animal fats
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Not all the saturated fats contains cholesterol(因为饱和脂肪还有包含蔬菜油和热带油)
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functions of cholesterol
- precusor of Vitamin D
- needed for the formation of hormones, bile salts, and body membranes in all cells
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Olestra(蔗糖聚酯)
Food and Drug Administration(FDA) approved fat substitute(fake fat)
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physical properties of fat
- insoluble in water
- less dense than water
- may burn in high temperatures
- becomes rancid (spoiled馊掉或坏掉)
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Lipids are transported in the blood as
lipoproteins(脂蛋白), HDL and LDL, chylomicrons(乳糜微粒合), and fat bound to protein(脂肪的蛋白质结)
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Absorption
mono and diglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol cross the intestinal wall ( lipid 图2)
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HDLs function
are responsible for returning lipids from the body to the liver, thereby decreasing risk of atherosclerosis
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Lipids
- are transported in the blood as lipoproteins
- HDLs and LDLs
- chylomicrons
- fat bound to protein
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fat kcal
1 g fat = 9 kcal
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atherosclerosis(动脉粥样硬化)
lipids(血脂肪) and other materials that form plaque(斑块) and narrows (缩小) / clogs the arteries(堵塞动脉)
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to increase HDLs
- ↑exercise
- ↑fiber
- ↑monounsaturated fat
- ↓ smoking
- ↓trans fat (from saturated fat)
- ↓overall fat = ↓ risk of heart attack and stroke
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functions of lipids (8个)
- 1)source of energy
- 2)high satiety value (make us feel full)
- 3)carrier of fat soluble vitamins (A D E K)
- 4)palatability (good taste)
- 5)energy reserve
- 6)precursor of prostaglandins前列腺素 (hormone-like substances)
- 7)insulation (keep us warm)
- 8)protection of vital body organs
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kcal?
10 g CHO
1 g fiber
3 g alcohol
8 g fat
totoal =133 kcal
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most common monosacchride?
glucose
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only way to eat cholesterol
animal fats
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the remaining mass in the large intestine
fiber and water
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anabolism(合成代谢)
- for energy
- build body compounds and storing material
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catabolism(分解代谢)
- for movement
- products of digestion are broken down further for energy
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Food Label (见Lipid package 第3页)
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protein in where of the body ? (6个地方)
muscle, skin, bone, hormone (激素), hemoglobin(血红蛋白), antibodies(抗体)
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Def. of essential nutrient (不能制造)
Must be consumed in the diet because it cannot be synthesized by the body
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Essential nutrient's job
- Provide energy
- Promotes growth
- Regulates body process
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Protein kcal
1 g protein = 4 kcal
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Protein is synthesized by units called
Amino acid (CHON) N= Nitrogen is unique to protein only
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Essential amino acid(不能制造)
Body can not synthesized the protein at a rate sufficient to meet the needs of growth (must get through diet)
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non-essential amino acid （可制造）
can be synthrsized by the body
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complete protein
animal protein from the milk and meat group
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incomplete protein
plant protein from vegetable and grain (starchy) group
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complete protein contains
all essential amino acid
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incomplete ptotein
lackd or has limited amounts of one or more essential amino acid
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complementary proteins
- peanut butter and bread
- rice and beans
- rice and vegetables, sprouts, salads
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types of vegetarianism
- vegan - consume only plants
- (egg) ovovegetarian - plants and eggs
- (dairy) lactovegetarian - plant and dairy
- (egg&dairy) ovolactovegetarian - plant, egg, and dairy
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ovovegetarian
plant and egg
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lactovegetarian
plant and dairy
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ovolactovegetarian
plant, egg, dairy
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functions of protein (5个)
- 1) formation of essential body compounds (hormones, enzymes)
- 2) regulation of water balance
- 3) maintenance of body neutrality (pH)
- 4) antibody formation
- 5) transport nutrients
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protein for infants
2 - 2.5 g protein / kg
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ptotein for teens/body builders
1 - 1.5 g protein / kg
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protein for adults
0.75 - 0.80 g protein / kg
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Protein Calorie Malnutrition PCM
- Kwashiorkor(恶性营养不良)
- Marasmus(消瘦)
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Kwashiorkor
Protein defficiency only (蛋白缺失)
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Marasmus
protein and calorie defficiency(白质和热量的缺失)
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Positive nitrogen balance occurs during (6个阶段)
infancy, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, in individuals increasing muscle mass, and in people recovering from illness
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what determines protein needs
nitrogen balance studies
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in starvation, if kcal intake is too low
protein from muscle may be used as energy
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the non-nitrogenous portion is converted to glucose and provides energy, excess is stored as
glycogen or fat
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amino acid can be used as energy only when
when nitrogen is removed(deamination脱氨). --occurs during starvation.
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enzymes, known as Protease , break down protein into simple units of Amino Acid ; otherwise, they are too large to be absorbed.
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at least 300 kcals fuels the brain for
4 - 5 hrs
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why vitamin, minerals, water don't provide energy
they don't have kcal
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hyperglycemia
lower insulin produce, the hyperglycemia remains
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symptoms of lactose intolerance
- bloating
- gaseousness
- diahhrea
- nausea
- abdominal pain
- after eating dairy EXCEPT cheese and yorgurt
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tropical oil
saturated fat
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coconut oil
saturated fat
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bile is stored in
gallbladder
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Cholesterol is the precursor of vitamin
D
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how lipid is absorbed
- mono and diglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol cross the intestinal wall
- recombine in the lymphatic system
- tranported to the liver
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cholesterol free
< 2 mg cholesterol per serving
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NLEA
- Nutrition Labeling Education Act
- federal law allowing health claims on food labels
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all information on the food label based on
1 serving
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daily value
percentage out of 100% RDI of a 2000 kcal diet
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advantages of being vegetarians
- proper kcals
- lower fat
- lower saturated fat
- higher monounsaturated fat
- higher fiber
- lower dietary cholesterol ( animal fat )
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proteins serve as buffers to neutralize acid or base
- Gastrin (胃泌素) secreted in stomach to increase acidity
- Secretin (泌) secreted in small intestine to decrease acidity
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Gastrin (胃泌素)secreted in
secreted in stomach to increase acidity
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secretin (泌)secreted in
secreted in small intestine to decrease acidity
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deamination(脱氨)
deamination - N is temoved
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