biology.txt

• Homeostasis: body’s attempt to
• maintain a constant internal environment; involves three parts or mechanisms:

·        

• ·        
• Receptor-
• detects change in the environment; sends message to control center

• ·        
• Control
• center- determines what needs to be done and sends message to effector

• ·        
• Effector
• – performs some function to return environment to balanced state

Negative Feedback – the action of the effector reverses the direction of change; stabilizing effect

• ·     Temperature regulation –
• body senses COLD, feedback causes shivering which causes the body to WARM up

• Positive Feedback - the action of the
• effector enhances the direction of change;
• destabilizing effect

• ·    
• Contractions during pregnancy – contractions stimulate
• release of oxytocin, which causes to increase strength of contractions until
• baby is born

surrounds lungs

surrounds the heart

houses the brain

subdivided into the cranial and vertebral cavity

runs through the vertebral clumn and encloses the spinal cord

enclosed body cavities with no openings to the external surface of the body

surrounds abdominopelvic viscera

includes atoms, molecules, biological macromolecules

smallest living thing

• a group of different types of cells that work together
• 4 types; epithelium, connective, muscular, nervous

are discrete structure made up of more than one tissue and are responsible for a function that no other organ can perform

Fully functional entity that is the result of all the lower levels working together

• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids

• made of 20 different amino acids
• Examples; enzymes, antibodies, hair, silk, Insulin
• Function: transport structural support, defense
• Location: cell nucleus, blood, tissue

• made of simple sugars
• Example glucose; fructose; glycogen
• Function; energy source and storage
• Location: cells, live, cell wall, exoskeleton

• made of faccy acids glycerol
• examples: fats, steroids
• Function: energy storage, hormones
• Location; cell membrane, blood, fat cells

• made of nucleotides
• Examples: DNA tRNA
• Function: store and transmit, heredity, information, carrier of genetic
• Location: cell nucleus, cell cytoplasm

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Urinary
• Reproductive(male)
• Reproductive(Female)
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endoctrine
• Cardiovascular
• Immune
• Respiratory

• cells: Keratinocytes; Basal cell
• Structure; skin, hair nails
• Function: external body covering; sweat and oil glands
• Disorders: Burns; skin cancer

• cells: Osteoclasts
• Structure: Bones; Joints, tendons, ligaments
• Function: Protects and supports organs, movement , stores minerals
• Disorders: Ricketts

• Cells: Parietal cells, Absorptive cells
• Structure: Stomach, esophagus; anus, pancreas
• Function: Breaks down food
• Disorders: Intestinal obstruction

• Cells: Podocytes, tubule cells
• Structure: Kidneys; Urinary Bladder
• Functions: Eliminates nitrogenous waste, regulates water & salt
• Disorders UTI, bladder cancer

• Cells: Spermatocytes,sperm
• Structure: Testes, penis, prostate
• Functions; generates sperm, secretes sex hormones
• Disorders: Prostate cancer

• cells: Ova, Follicular cells
• Structure: Uterus, Ovaries, Fallopian tubes
• Function: Generates ove, area for fetus to develop, secrete sex hormones
• Disorders: cervical cancer, breast cancer

• cells: cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle
• Structure: Muscles
• Functions: manipulation of envi, facial expressions; Locomotion
• Disorders: Muscular dystrophy, sprains, finromyalgia

• cells: Neurons, astrocyte; Microglia
• Structure: Brain, spinal cord, Peripheral ns
• Functions: control and communication; sensory input
• Disorders; Multiple sclerosis, alzheimer's, shingles

• Cells: Acinar, Pancreatic beta cells, Mammotropic
• Structure: Pancreas, Thyroid gland, Pituitary, Thymus
• Functions: Regulate growth, regulate reproduction
• Disorders: gigantism, acromegaly

• cells: monocytes, cardiac muscle, basophils
• Structure: Heart, veins, arteries, blood, capillaries
• Functions: Transport blood, oxygen/carbon dioxide
• Disorders; Heart failure, coronary artery 

• Cells:T cells, B cells, mast cells, plasma cells
• Structure:Tonsils, spleen, Thymus, 
• Functions: Picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels
• Disorders: Lymphona

• cells: globlet, clara
• Structure: nose, nasal cavities; paranasal sinuses, bronchi
• Functions: Keeps blood oxygenated, removes carbon dioxide
• Disorders: Lung cancer

study of the disease of the body

uppermost, or above

lowermost or below; caudal

toward the front; ventral

toward the back; dorsal

toward the head

midline of the body; the nose

toward the side or away from the midline of the body

nearest the point of attachment or origin

the liquid part of a cell