-
when do infants grow at the fastest rate than at any other time?
1st year
-
weight ____ in first 5 months?
doubles
-
weight ______ by end of the first year?
triples
-
when do babies lose baby fat?
1st year
-
what is the baby fat for on the infant?
maintaining body temperature
-
height is more ______ in growth compared to weight
uneven
-
height occurs in ______?
spurts
-
what is cephalocaudal development?
growth occurs at the top and proceeds downward toward rest of body
-
what is proximodistal development?
- growth proceeds from the middle of the body outward
- ex. arms grow faster than hands
-
the first _____ occurs between 5-9 months?
tooth
-
what does teething mean?
first teeth breaking through the skin
-
symptoms of teething include?
- saliva production
- cough
- rash around mouth
- putting things in mouth
-
what are ways to relieve teething pains?
- teething ring
- cold wet washcloth
-
what is a neuron?
- nerve cell
- communication in nervous system
-
what is a synapse?
space between neurons in one direction
-
when are almost all neurons created?
prenatally
-
in the first two years what happens to the brain development ?
great increase in growth of neural fibers and synapses (connections)
-
what is synaptic pruning?
process in brain development in which dendritic connections that are used become stronger and faster while other whither away
-
what is myelinazation?
- myelin sheath growing around axon
- speeds up the processes in the brain
-
In brain growth the newborn brain is 30% of ______ brain
adult
-
In brain growth a 2 year old brain is 70% of ______ brain
adult
-
periods of rapid development in one area
ex. vision
correspond to growth where?
- related areas of cerebral cortex
- -occipital lobe
-
______ ______ may lead to defiencies in cerebral cortex development
stimuli deprivation
-
plasticity is important for the infants brain because it makes it ________
adaptable
-
what is the infants brain adaptable to overcome?
damage
-
________ deprivation can have permanant effects on infant
- enviromental
- ex. romanian orphanages
-
what were some of the problems that the romanian children had because of the orphanges?
- no facial processing
- no stimulation
- no spatial recongintion
- no neck strength
-
what are the two parts of physical development?
- gross motor skills
- fine motor skills
-
what is gross motor skills?
balance, posture, whole body movements
-
what are fine motor skills?
- finely tuned movements
- intricate movements - grasping toy
-
what way do infants learn to roll first?
back to front
-
what is prereaching?
make attempts of movement with whole body
-
By 9 months infants should be able to do what?
successfully grasp an object that changes direction
-
what type of motor skill is grasping?
fine motor
-
what is the palmer grasp?
grasping object with palm
-
what is the ulnar grasp?
grasping object with thumb and 4 fingers
-
what is the pincer grasp?
grasping object with 1st finger and thumb
-
at 4-5 months an infant should be able to do what with object?
hold in one hand and explore with other
-
what is marasmus?
overall lacking of nutrients
-
what is kwashiorkor?
bloated belly
lack or protein in diet - all carb diet
-
what is nonorganic failure to thrive?
- short stature
- skinny
- getting nutrition
- when taken out of situation - rebound is quick
-
by 2 months infants have an idea of what?
depth perception
-
by the time infants can crawl they have ?
well developed depth perception
-
improvements in what in the first two years?
vision
-
around 2-3 months infants prefer what type of patterns?
pictures of faces
-
what was Pigat interested in?
how children develop mental representation
-
what is a scheme?
Pigat
mental representations of how world works
-
what is assimilation?
Pigat
new information make it fit with information already have
-
what is accomodation?
Pigat
information you have doesnt fit with what have - form new scheme
-
what is sensorimotor stage?
cognitive thoughts arent being engaged less cognitive process
-
what are circular reactions?
repetitive motion completed by child
-
what are the 6 substages of sensorimotor?
PIGAT
- reflexative schemes
- primary circular reaction
- secondary circular reaction
- coordination of secodary circular reactions
- tertiary circular reactions
- mental representations
-
what is reflexative schemes?
reflexes
-
what is primary circular reaction?
- children discover and engage in motion
- enjoy it
-
what is secondary circular reactions?
- happen to engage in behavior and find enjoyment
- - around them
-
what is coordination of secondary circular reactions?
- object permanence- conscious effort to repeat
- AB error - found before therfore will find again
-
what is tertiary circular reactions?
a development
-
what is mental representations?
- cognitive schemes formed
- defferred imitation
- make-believe play
-
Pigat relied to much on thinking based on motive
Children develop motor skills when?
- earlier
- not stage like
- discontinuous theory
-
what is infantile amnesia?
no memories in infancy
-
theories as to why there are no memories in infancy?
- processing ability
- access to memories
- language- dont have the words
-
what are the language milestones?
-
what is comphrension procedes production?
understand words being said but cant say words back
-
early words usually involve?
- people & objects
- social words
- functional words
-
what is underextensions of language?
under using words- We go home
-
what is over extension of words?
-
children develop ______ before they develop ______
-
what is the empirist viewpoint
WHO?
- conditioning and stimulation
- BF skinner
- -but how are words learned
-
what is the nativist view point?
WHO?
- inborn knowledge and capacities
- chompsky
-
what is language acquisition?
preprogrammed to our native language
-
what is the interactionist perspective?
- combination of unborn
- knowledge and learning
-
cross cultural studies have showed that infants are sensitive to ?
phonemic constraints
-
enviromental supports for language learning
child directed language (motherese)
- simplified vocab
- phonological simplication
- high pitch
- synatic simplication
-
what are the expansions of child directed language?
what are the recasts of child directed language?
- facilitiates learning expansion
- correct language rules they have used incorrectly
-
what is the rouge test? and self reconition
- usually see themselves as part of caregivers
- put dot on face if self recognition they touch dot
-
the development of emotions starts with _____
- basic emotions - interest, fear, anger
- present at birth
- joy/happiness- first with body needs
-
basic emotions - anger fear
stranger anxiety
seperation anxiety
uncomfortable around certain people
upset with people they have bonded with when they leave
-
what are secondary (self-conscious) emotions?
what are they influenced by?
- self awareness-
- embarrasment, empathy
- socialization
-
what is social referencing?
look to another person on how to feel about situation
-
for emotional regulation young infants need what?
adults help children by?
end of second year what is used?
- soothing
- rewarding, paying attention to particular emotion
- use emotion words
-
what is temperament?
stable emotional disposition
-
what are thomas and chess's 3 types of temperament?
what is difficult associated with?
- easy
- difficult
- slow to warm up
- later withdrawl and aggression
-
what type of parenting can change a difficult temperament?
warm and supportive
-
what is attatchment?
strong emotional tie that provides joy and comfort
-
what would attactment be in history of theories according to:
Freud
Behavorist
- feeling oral stage
- feeding, operant conditioning
-
what is myth-harlows feeing studies of rheus baby monkeys?
- wire bottle mom and soft pillow mom
- fed from bottle & attatched to soft mom
- conclusion: vulnerable to other moneys
-
what is the strange situation testing by Ainsworth?
- using parent as secure base
- record:
- response to parent leaving
- response to parent coming back
- response to stranger
-
reactions of secure attatchment to mother?
reactions of avoidant attachment to mother?
reactions of ambivalent attachment to mother?
reactions of disorganized-disoriented mother?
- distress of mother leaving
- no interest in parents
- very clingy to parent then angry when leave and come back
- little attention to parent- comfort with stranger
- Parents leads to type of attachment
-
what do secure attached infants become?
what do avoidant attached infants become?
what do resistant (ambivalent) infants become?
- leaders
- associated with aggression
- later withdrawl- peer victimization
-
early attachment is believed to influence ____ _____ ____: how relationships function
internal working models
-
growth is ____ in early childhood?
slow
-
what are the major changes of early childhood?
- taller
- arm and leg length
- head more proportional
- potbelly gone
- more control of body/balance
-
what are some gross motor skills that occur at ages
2&3
3&4
4&5
5&6
- run,hop
- climb stairs
- gallop, skip
- run faster
-
what are some fine motor skills that increase with self-sufficiency?
- eat with utinsels
- put on own clothes
- greater drawing ability
-
in fine motor skills what is handedness?
____ are more left handed than ____
- which hand is used
- boys than girls
-
in gender and physical development boys are?
in gender and physical development girls are?
- bigger, greater muscle mass
- better fine motor development, balance
-
when to start toilet training?
- when child can communicate
- when child show signs of wanting to wear underwear
- can stay dry thru naps
-
what is brain lateralization?
right and left hemisphere processes
-
what is in the right hemisphere process?
what is in the left hemisphere process?
-
influences of physical development of the growth hormone can effect?
stress influences physical development how?
- physical development
- interrupts production of growth hormone- may result in deprivation dwarfism= stop growing
-
nutrition:
decrease in ______ during preschool years
should not _____ child to eat certain food
providing _____ foods helps promote healthy food
-
malnutrition increases the risk for ______
infection
-
illness is uncomfortable for child but does what ?
- build up immunities
- helps understand body
- learn coping skills
- develop empathy
-
largest cause of child mortality in U.S for early childhood?
factors that contribute?
what prevents this?
- injuries
- negative mood, inattentive, disobident
- adults!
-
when children are exposed to toxic levels of this through paint, gas, pipes
leads to cognitive problems
lead
-
Pigat: Pre-operative thinking
great strides in forming _____ _____
operations?
children described more by what they ____ do than what they ____ do
- mental representations
- understanding how schemes work
- cant - can
-
Limits of childrens thinking
Pigat
- centered
- perception bound
- irreversibility
-
limits of childrens thinking of centered?
perception bound
focus on states
irreversibilty
- focus on one aspect of object/situation
- only can see thru there own perception
- current state- cant see change ex. water to ice
- cant understand that things can change
-
children have ___ performance on conservation tasks
poor
-
types of consevation?
- number
- substance
- length
- area
- weight
- volume
-
egocentrism?
- only see world thru their perspective
- world revolves around them
-
aspect of egocentrism
-animism
- thoughts and feelings into others or objects
- dog is hungery- their actually hungry
-
Pigats preoperational stage is divided into two stages-
symbolic function
intuitive thought
- capable of representational thought and using symbols
- capable of asking questions and showing curosity
-
critism of Pigats focus on two main ideas
- underestimated childrens abilities
- development is more continuous less stage like
-
what did Vygotsky focus on?
social and cultural aspects of cognitive development
-
what is the zone of Proximal development?
Vygotsky
time frame where they have this ability to learn a skill
-
what is scaffolding?
Vygotsky
- slowly expose children to info during time of development
- -slow introduction of knowledge
-
what are the improvements of mental strategies?
- attention- greater time spans
- more planful
- memory- lack of memory strategies
- greater use of scripts = step by step understanding of how things work
-
Understanding of Mental Activity:
what is metacognition?
what are false beliefs?
- thinking about own thinking
- -preschoolers know their thoughts are their own
- people can think things that are not true
-
between ages 2-6 years there is a huge ________ growth
vocabulary
-
what is fast mapping?
grammar and age 3
overregularzation?
underextension?
overextension?
- occurs when child is exposed only one or two times - learning a new concept after limited exposure
- at the age of 3 children have mastered simple word order
- children apply morphemesof language incorrectly - "goed"
- take 1 meaning of word and use that one meaning
- use of word to refer to a broader category of things than its meant
-
what are pragmatics?
- adjust speech to partner
- longer conversation sequences
- pronuciation improves
-
what are the two perspective sof preschoolers speech?
piaget
vygotsky
- piaget-
- egocentric speech- whole focus on what they CANT do
- -due to the inabilit to see/have others perspective
- Vygotsky-
- private speech - doesnt focus on inability
- -imitation of speech of adults
- speech is self guidance
-
Self- development
what is self concept?
what is self esteem?
- understanding who they are
- - preschoolers characterize selfs by: physical appearance
- their valueing of their characteristics and how they feel about themselves
- - due to feedback
-
emotional development:
early childhood better at ?
still poor at?
- identifying causes of emotions
- connecting thinking to emotions
- understanding conflict cues
- determining when expereincing pride, shame and guilt
-
what is emotional regulation?
how do preschoolers react to emotional regulation?
having control of self when feeling emotions
- restrict sensory input
- talk to themselves
-
what is the marshmellow test (Mischel)
- kid given marshmellow and told to eat it or wait for second one.
- delay of gratification was related to greater social and academic competence
- better emotional regulation leads to greater displays of sympathy for others
-
what is the socio-biological perspective?
- biological basis of emotions
- altriusm and prosocial behavior may be prewired
- prosocial behavior is evolutionary adaptive
-
what is behaviorsim? - operant conditioning
- punishment and reward
- punishment may be unwarrented when immediate threats are present
- harsh punishment rarely works for long term goals
- types of punishment that works - time outs
- -consistancy
- -warm relationship
- -rationale provided
-
what are social learning theories?
- modeling prosocial behaviors and rewarding those behaviors when children do them
- greatest influence - preschool
- more likely to model a warm and responsive adult
- practice what you preach
-
Moral development of Pigetian perspective - two stages
- heteronomous morality
- autonomous morality
-
Moral development of Pigetian perspective - two stages
heternomous morality?
- set by authority
- unbreakable
- more concerned about consequences
immanent justice- deserve what you get
-
Moral development of Pigetian perspective - two stages autonomous morality?
- realizes that laws are created by people
- more concerned with motivation than consequence
- start seeing the grey - not black and white
-
what is sex?
what is gender?
what are gender sterotypes?
what is gender identity?
what are gender roles?
- biology
- psychological characterisitcs
- commonly held beliefs of what is normal for male and female
- where you feel - masculine or feminine
- behaviors and expectations of women and men
-
12 month olds are equally interseted in both ?
at age 4 children can tell you what ?
stereotypical feminine and masculine toys
men and women do and can start to describe gender traits
-
what gender stereotypes do preschoolers hold?
- toys
- house hold items
- behaviors
- occupation
- colors
-
how do children develop a gender role identity?
children model behaviors that they see their same sex modeling
-
in gender labeling can they:
identify own/others gender
know when boys= men girls = women
change appearance and not change gender
-
is gender stability can they:
identify own/others gender
know when boys= men girls = women
change appearance and not change gender
-
is gender consistancy can they:
identify own/others gender
know when boys= men girls = women
change appearance and not change gender
-
what does the gender schema theory build off?
Bem
Once identity is established , children pay attention to ?
- cognitive development theory
- things that fit theur scheme for gender
-
what is social coginitve theory?
- combines social learning theory and gender schema theory
- children observe and mimic gendered behavior, other reinforce and punish those behaviors
-
what is gender socialization?
- taught what is appropriate
- pink vs. blue
-
how do peers teach gender socialization?
gender segregation?
- responses to gendered behaviors
- gendered A typical - get picked on
- gender normative- behavior like gender
only hang out with same sex
-
Warmth and Demand
Authoritive
Authoritarian
Permissive
Uninvolved
- high high - high expectations supportive
- low high - by the book
- high low - no demand
- low low - dont care
-
what are the personality traits of :
authoritive
authoritarian
permissive
uninvolved
- independent, creative, self assured
- dependent passive conforming
- irresponsible conforming immature
- impulsive behavior problems
-
what are reciporcal effects?
- respond to warmness and demandness
- influence how parents parent
-
cultures differ on systems of ?
western culture may emphasize?
japanese empasizes?
culture influences?
- displine for misbehavior
- authoratative approach including timeout
- withdrawl of love and shame
- consequences of displine
-
physical punishment highlights the imporatance of ?
culutural context in childrens reponse to parents behavior
-
importance of play in early childhood which aids in?
linguistic, cognitive, emotional and social development
-
gender differences in play?
boy
girl
- take up alot of space - play in groups
- imagative play- one on one play
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