-
what is nicotine?
- addictive absorbed by the linings of the mouth
- produces enhanced energy & alertness w/calming effect
-
what is second hand smoke?
someone who breathes in smoke just like smokers
-
what is tar?
provides flavor in cigarette smoke
-
what is the fairness doctrine?
counteracted the tobacco companies ads
-
what did the master settlement agreement (MSA) do
- got major tobacco companies to stop advertizing towards children
- industry agreed to restrict on advertising
-
what is the "truth campaign"?
campaigns against smoking targeting at youth
-
top two killers in the united states
-
what is a enviromental problem with smoking?
second hand smoke
-
why was there an increase in smoking?
industrial revolution- produced by machines
-
when did first surgeon generals warning come out about smoking?
1964
-
what did Mr.Butts have to do with smoking?
leaked information to a scientist that the tobacco company knew the effects of smoking
-
what did california as a tobacco control program do?
mandated mass methods for effective ways to stop smoking
-
for the prevelance different races smoking what does it have to do with?
SES
-
why do tobacco companies target youth?
need to recruit 2 million smokers a year to replace those that quit or die
-
why were taxes raised on ciggerates?
- teenagers are sensative to price
- cali used it to fund tobacco control programs
-
what did californias control program do that made cigerettes decline
- education
- mandate mass media
-
what is body mass index?
calculated by dividing a persons wt in kg and squaring height in meters
-
what is waist to hip ratio?
waist measured at smallest point (hips) and at widest point (butt)
-
what is obesity?
complex condition influenced by genes as well as individual and social factors
-
why is obesity going to be hard to change?
- more behavioral
- eating habits ingrained
- SES
-
health risks of obesity?
- cardiovascular
- diabetes
- some cancer
- arthritis
-
what are some enviromental factors that discourage americans from eating and exercising correctly
- to far away
- to expensive
- lack of taste
-
injury pyramid?
- deaths
- hosptilizations
- emergency visits
- episodes of injuries reported
-
the 3 E's of injury prevention
- education
- emforcement
- engineering
-
national highway traffic safety administration?
a law passed to empower set safety standards for new cars such as seat belts and dashboard padding
-
what is occupational safety and health adminstration?
law passed to empower safety standards, inspect workplaces, and impose penalties for workplace hazards
-
what are injuries a problem when a young person dies?
years of potential life loss
-
two categories of injury/death
- unitentional
- intentional
- -homicide
- suicide
-
what is chain of causation for injuries?
- host- you
- primary prevention -DD
- secondary prevention - seatbelt
- tertiary prevention - ambulance
-
who made the new safety rules for automobiles?
ralph nadar
-
what is the strongest political public health issue with injuries?
firearms
-
what is the infant mortality rate?
indicator of health status of a population
-
what is low birth weight?
born under 5.5 lbs
-
what is the infant mortality rate?
infants dealth with in first year per 1000 live births
-
what is sudden infant death syndrome?
unexpected death after being born healthy related to sleeping on stomach
-
what is WIC?
provides vouchers for nutritious foods for pregnant women, lactating women, and children up to 5 years old
-
how to prevent low birth wt?
prenatal care
-
what is contrversal in contraception?
whether is should be used or not
-
what are carcinogens?
chemicals that effect someones health
-
what are neurotoxins?
chemicals that are hard to reconize because act over long period of time
-
what are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's)
- enviromental pesticides
- chemicals used in sealing systems
- enter through discharge of industrial waste
- most widespread chemical contaminant
-
what is the role of the goverment in envirmental health?
provide water, sewage systems that are clean
-
what is occupational exposure to workers issues?
exposed to large amounts of toxins on a regualar basis
-
what are issues in safe setting standards?
ensuring the safety of the enviroment
-
what is acid rain?
- produced by two common pollutants - sulfer dioxide & nitrogen dioxide
- react with water to form sulfric acid and nitric acid
-
what are chloroflurocarbins?
delepte ozone layer causing risks for the earth
-
what are the criteria air pollutants?
pollutants that are common and found all over
-
what is the greenhouse effect?
- carbon dioxide = in glass of green house
- sunlight gets trapped in side
-
what is the ozone?
highly reactive varient of oxygen
-
what is the ozone layer?
manifestation of global effects of certain air pollutants
-
what is particulate matter?
- most visible form of air pollution
- ex. soot
-
what is radon?
produced by natural radioactive decay of uranium
-
what is sulfurdioxide?
- produced by combustion of sulfer - containing fuels
- ex. coal
-
what is carbon dioxide?
- highly toxic gas
- most produced by motor vehicle exhaust
-
what is nitrogen oxides?
chemicals responsible for yellow brown smog
-
what is lead?
highly toxic metal that can damage the nervous system
-
what is indoor air quality?
concentrations of many pollutants trapped inside a building
-
what are strategies for meeting standards?
- each chemical must be regulated seperatly
- each must have significant economic impact
-
public health is an intersection between ____ and ____
politics and science
-
what is the gov't role in enviromental health?
- standards and regulations
- services
-
what is the cause of pollution?
people
-
where did mercury come from?
coal burning power plants
-
what did lead come from?
lead pipes
-
why are asbestos used?
fire resistance
-
what are factory farms?
animals crowded together and tended by automated systems
-
what do factory farms produce?
large volumes of wastes- lagoons
-
what does overregulation cause?
underregualtion
-
what are air criteria air pollutants?
- particulate matter
- sulfer dioxide
- carbon monoxide
- nitrogen oxide
- ozone
- lead
-
what does particulate matter do?
smaller particles penetrate deeper into lungs
-
what does sulfur dioxide do?
- irritates respitory tract
- creates acid rain- kills forest and fish
-
what does nitrogen oxide do?
- acid rain
- caused by motor vehicles
-
what is the ozone produced by?
sunlight acting on other pollutants
-
what are some strategies for motor vehicles?
- public transportation
- tailpipe limits
- inspection of car
-
what are strategies for industrial sources?
- scrubber on smokestacks
- less polluting fuels
-
what is the emergency planning and community right to know act?
have to publish results to see how much a business is polluting
-
what are some problems with indoor air quality?
- tobacco smoke
- radon- basements
- formaldehyde
-
what are the global effects of air pollution?
acid rain damaging
-
what is the clean water act?
lakes and rivers should be fishable and swimmable
-
what is the safe drinking water act?
EPA set standards for local systems
-
what is point source pollution?
identify source of pollution
-
what is nonpoint pollution?
ways to remove water
-
what are some dilemmas with compliance?
try to protect watershed
-
what is involved with a sanitary landfill?
- dry clay
- lined with plastic
- drain for liquids
- vents to control gases
- tipping fee
-
-
what was love canal?
houses built on industrial waste dump
-
what is times beach?
agent orange in oil sprayed onto dirt roads
-
what are two hazaderous wastes?
biological and radiological
-
what is a superfund?
- emergency cleanup of old waste sites
- paid for by a tax on industry
-
where does coal ash come from?
left over from burning coal
-
what is NIMBY?
- not in my backyard
- make sense of what to do
-
what is phase 1 in drugs testing
new drug is given to a small number of people who are extensively tested to measure absorption, distribtion, metabolism, excretion and to look for side effects and toxicties
-
what is phase 2 in drug testing?
tests a larger number of patients for signs that the new drug is effective
-
what is phase 3 in drug testing?
full scale controlled trial - assigned randomly to two groups
-
what is the j-curve of population growth?
population expands rapidly past the carrying capacity and then crashes because once the carrying capacity is exceeded, the enviroment is degraded and the carrying capacity is reduced
-
what is the s-curve of population growth?
enviromental pressures increase gradually as the population approches the number known as the carrying capacity- the number of organisms that can be supported in a given enviroment without degrading the enviroment
-
what is HACCP?
- preventative approach to meat and seafood
- analysis of every step in the process of food productions, processing, and preperations
-
what causes food borne illnesses?
contaiminated food with bacteria, viruses and parasites due to inappropriate sanitations and food handling
-
what is the FDA ?
ensure foods are safe, wholesome and properly labeled
-
what is the USDA?
meat and poultry foods are safe, wholesome and properly labeled
-
what is the NDA?
new drug application for an investigational new drug providing evidence that the drug has the desired effect in animal and satisfies some basic safety criteria
-
what is carrying capacity?
population size that the earth can support without downgrading
-
demographic tranistion?
birth rates tend to fall in response to falling death rates
-
what is global warming?
an effect of greenhouse effect
-
what are greenhouse gases?
gas that absorbs radiation of specific wave lengths
-
what is the ozone layer?
protects the earths surface from ultraviolet radiation
-
why use medical care?
- immunizations
- prenatal care
- testing for risk factors
- treat injuries
- deal with failures of public health
-
when is medical care a public health responsibility?
- preventing spread of communicable diseases
- emergency services
-
how is medical care paid for in US?
- fee for service
- hospital has flat rate
- submit bill to insurance
-
what is medicare?
provides insurance for elderly and disabled youth
-
what is medicaid?
welfare type program for the poor
-
what is licensing and regulation?
- providing high quality care
- disipline practioners for misconduct
-
ethical issues in medical care?
- abortion
- assisted suicide
- right to die- karen ann quilin- nancy cruzan
- baby doe rules
-
what are ethical issues in medical resources allocation?
End stage renal disease- funded dialysis tx for all americans without selection critera
-
what are baby doe rules?
mandated tx of all new borns with birth defects
-
what is community health center?
another source of basic medical care for the poor
-
what is fee for service
?
permits doctor to make decisions about patients care without considering cost
-
why do cost rise in medical care?
- aging population
- new technology
- administration
- many providers
- fee for service
-
what are the attempts to control cost of medical care?
limit new facilites and technology
-
what is managed care?
monitor patients health and evaulate quality of care
-
what is the managed care backlash?
loss of ability to manage care in cost concious way
-
what is rationing?
trying to cover more people by limiting services
-
what is diagnosis related group?
amount based on the illness category of the patient
-
what is HMO's?
insurer and provider
-
what is PPO?
more choices, health insurance less affordable
-
what is the oregon plan?
public and private partnership to ensure access to health care for all of orgeon
-
what is Agency for Health Care Policy & Research
(AHCPR)?
guidelines for treatment
-
what is health services research?
small area analysis- large variations in practice style by geographical area
-
what is outcomes research?
analysis data generated by everyday practice of medicine
-
what is small area analysis?
more variation for conditions on which evidence for appropriate therapy exists
-
what is the field of dreams effect?
- avaiablity of services leads to more use of these services
- more surgeons more surgerys
-
what is the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)?
the more surgeries that are done the better the surgery getst done
-
What is the relative importance of medical care
for public health?
- care plans are easier to evaluate than other plans
- lead to improvement in outcomes
-
what is the Compression of Morbidity ?
live till you die at the end of life
-
what is the Compression of Mortality?
dying towards the end of your life
-
what is Estrogen Replacement Therapy?
believed to have anti-aging effects
-
what is Osteoporosis?
risk of broken bones leading to disability
-
what is Alzheimer’s Disease & Dementia?
- memory loss
- risk increase with increase age
-
Identify the trends of the aging of the population?
- people are living longer
- more females
-
What are the top 5 causes of death for the
elderly?
- alzheimers
- influenza
- respitory problems
- cerebrovascular disease
-
What are general approaches to maximizing health
in old age?
diet and exercise
-
What issues exist concerning medical costs of
the elderly?
- system growing at slower pace
- costs are less predictable
-
what is the Incident Commend System (ICS)
puts one person in charge for managing and coordinating the response at the scene
-
what are in the Category A Bioterrorism Agents
-
what is the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS)
includes medical supplies antibiotics vaccines and antidotes for chemical agents
-
What was the greatest failure in New York City’s response to the World Trade Center Attacks?
failure of communication and coordination
-
what is a diaster plan (triage)?
- plan for good communication
- focus on the order of who should be attended to first
- immediate- right now
- delayed- wait
- expectant- going to die
-
what is the biggest problem when it comes to bioterrism preparedness?
reconize when under attack
-
what is the model state emergency health powers act?
suggested provisions include measures to encourage planning for emergencies, survalliance, managing property to ensure availability of vaccines and hospitals
-
what are clues of survalliance that someone/something is being attacked?
- emergency room visits
- calls to 911
- pharmacy records
- vetinary diseases
-
what is Healthy People 2000 ?
- objectives set targets for individual behavioral change, enviromental, and regulatory protections and access to preventive health services
- quality of life
- equal health
-
what is the Healthy People 2010?
- quality and years of healthy life
- eliminate disparities
-
What are the top 10 public health achievements of the 20th century?
- routine vaccines
- safer workplaces
- safer and healthier foods
- healthier mothers and babies
- fluoride in water
- control of infectious disease
-
List the challenges for public health for the 21st century?
- climate change
- rising cost of medical care for aging population
- understanding and altering human behavior
- renewed threats from infectious diseases
-
what is the PHIN?
what are the five componants?
- framework to improve the capacity of public health to use and exchange information electronically by promoting the use of standards and defining the functional and technical requirements.
- biosurviallance
- management of outbreaks
- exchange of data
- promoting collaboration
- build local tracking networks
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