Public Health test 2

• addictive absorbed by the linings of the mouth
• produces enhanced energy & alertness w/calming effect

someone who breathes in smoke just like smokers

provides flavor in cigarette smoke

counteracted the tobacco companies ads

• got major tobacco companies to stop advertizing towards children
• industry agreed to restrict on advertising

campaigns against smoking targeting at youth

• smoking
• obesity

second hand smoke

industrial revolution- produced by machines

1964

leaked information to a scientist that the tobacco company knew the effects of smoking

mandated mass methods for effective ways to stop smoking

SES

need to recruit 2 million smokers a year to replace those that quit or die

• teenagers are sensative to price
• cali used it to fund tobacco control programs

• education
• mandate mass media

calculated by dividing a persons wt in kg and squaring height in meters

waist measured at smallest point (hips) and at widest point (butt)

complex condition influenced by genes as well as individual and social factors

• more behavioral
• eating habits ingrained
• SES

• cardiovascular
• diabetes
• some cancer
• arthritis

• to far away
• to expensive
• lack of taste

• deaths
• hosptilizations
• emergency visits
• episodes of injuries reported

• education
• emforcement
• engineering

a law passed to empower set safety standards for new cars such as seat belts and dashboard padding

law passed to empower safety standards, inspect workplaces, and impose penalties for workplace hazards

years of potential life loss

• unitentional
• intentional
• -homicide
• suicide

• host- you
• primary prevention -DD
• secondary prevention - seatbelt
• tertiary prevention - ambulance

ralph nadar

firearms

indicator of health status of a population

born under 5.5 lbs

infants dealth with in first year per 1000 live births

unexpected death after being born healthy related to sleeping on stomach

provides vouchers for nutritious foods for pregnant women, lactating women, and children up to 5 years old

prenatal care

whether is should be used or not

chemicals that effect someones health

chemicals that are hard to reconize because act over long period of time

• enviromental pesticides
• chemicals used in sealing systems
• enter through discharge of industrial waste
• most widespread chemical contaminant

provide water, sewage systems that are clean

exposed to large amounts of toxins on a regualar basis

ensuring the safety of the enviroment

• produced by two common pollutants - sulfer dioxide & nitrogen dioxide
• react with water to form sulfric acid and nitric acid

delepte ozone layer causing risks for the earth

pollutants that are common and found all over

• carbon dioxide = in glass of green house
• sunlight gets trapped in side

highly reactive varient of oxygen

manifestation of global effects of certain air pollutants

• most visible form of air pollution
• ex. soot

produced by natural radioactive decay of uranium

• produced by combustion of sulfer - containing fuels
• ex. coal

• highly toxic gas
• most produced by motor vehicle exhaust

chemicals responsible for yellow brown smog

highly toxic metal that can damage the nervous system

concentrations of many pollutants trapped inside a building

• each chemical must be regulated seperatly
• each must have significant economic impact

politics and science

• standards and regulations
• services

people

coal burning power plants

lead pipes

fire resistance

animals crowded together and tended by automated systems

large volumes of wastes- lagoons

underregualtion

• particulate matter
• sulfer dioxide
• carbon monoxide
• nitrogen oxide
• ozone
• lead

smaller particles penetrate deeper into lungs

• irritates respitory tract
• creates acid rain- kills forest and fish

• acid rain
• caused by motor vehicles

sunlight acting on other pollutants

• public transportation
• tailpipe limits
• inspection of car

• scrubber on smokestacks
• less polluting fuels

have to publish results to see how much a business is polluting

• tobacco smoke
• radon- basements
• formaldehyde

acid rain damaging

lakes and rivers should be fishable and swimmable

EPA set standards for local systems

identify source of pollution

ways to remove water

try to protect watershed

• dry clay
• lined with plastic
• drain for liquids
• vents to control gases
• tipping fee

• reduce
• reuse
• recycle

houses built on industrial waste dump

agent orange in oil sprayed onto dirt roads

biological and radiological

• emergency cleanup of old waste sites
• paid for by a tax on industry

left over from burning coal

• not in my backyard
• make sense of what to do

new drug is given to a small number of people who are extensively tested to measure absorption, distribtion, metabolism, excretion and to look for side effects and toxicties

tests a larger number of patients for signs that the new drug is effective

full scale controlled trial - assigned randomly to two groups

population expands rapidly past the carrying capacity and then crashes because once the carrying capacity is exceeded, the enviroment is degraded and the carrying capacity is reduced

enviromental pressures increase gradually as the population approches the number known as the carrying capacity- the number of organisms that can be supported in a given enviroment without degrading the enviroment

• preventative approach to meat and seafood
• analysis of every step in the process of food productions, processing, and preperations

contaiminated food with bacteria, viruses and parasites due to inappropriate sanitations and food handling

ensure foods are safe, wholesome and properly labeled

meat and poultry foods are safe, wholesome and properly labeled

new drug application for an investigational new drug providing evidence that the drug has the desired effect in animal and satisfies some basic safety criteria

population size that the earth can support without downgrading

birth rates tend to fall in response to falling death rates

an effect of greenhouse effect

gas that absorbs radiation of specific wave lengths

protects the earths surface from ultraviolet radiation

• immunizations
• prenatal care
• testing for risk factors
• treat injuries
• deal with failures of public health

• preventing spread of communicable diseases
• emergency services

• fee for service
• hospital has flat rate
• submit bill to insurance

provides insurance for elderly and disabled youth

welfare type program for the poor

• providing high quality care
• disipline practioners for misconduct

• abortion
• assisted suicide
• right to die- karen ann quilin- nancy cruzan
• baby doe rules

End stage renal disease- funded dialysis tx for all americans without selection critera

mandated tx of all new borns with birth defects

another source of basic medical care for the poor

permits doctor to make decisions about patients care without considering cost

• aging population
• new technology
• administration
• many providers
• fee for service

limit new facilites and technology

monitor patients health and evaulate quality of care

loss of ability to manage care in cost concious way

trying to cover more people by limiting services

amount based on the illness category of the patient

insurer and provider

more choices, health insurance less affordable

public and private partnership to ensure access to health care for all of orgeon

guidelines for treatment

small area analysis- large variations in practice style by geographical area

analysis data generated by everyday practice of medicine

more variation for conditions on which evidence for appropriate therapy exists

• avaiablity of services leads to more use of these services
• more surgeons more surgerys

the more surgeries that are done the better the surgery getst done

• care plans are easier to evaluate than other plans
• lead to improvement in outcomes

live till you die at the end of life

dying towards the end of your life

believed to have anti-aging effects

risk of broken bones leading to disability

• memory loss
• risk increase with increase age

• people are living longer
• more females

• alzheimers
• influenza
• respitory problems
• cerebrovascular disease

diet and exercise

• system growing at slower pace
• costs are less predictable

puts one person in charge for managing and coordinating the response at the scene

• small pox
• anthrax
• plague

includes medical supplies antibiotics vaccines and antidotes for chemical agents

failure of communication and coordination

• plan for good communication
• focus on the order of who should be attended to first
• immediate- right now
• delayed- wait
• expectant- going to die

reconize when under attack

suggested provisions include measures to encourage planning for emergencies, survalliance, managing property to ensure availability of vaccines and hospitals

• emergency room visits
• calls to 911
• pharmacy records
• vetinary diseases

• objectives set targets for individual behavioral change, enviromental, and regulatory protections and access to preventive health services
• quality of life
• equal health

• quality and years of healthy life
• eliminate disparities

• routine vaccines
• safer workplaces
• safer and healthier foods
• healthier mothers and babies
• fluoride in water
• control of infectious disease

• climate change
• rising cost of medical care for aging population
• understanding and altering human behavior
• renewed threats from infectious diseases

• framework to improve the capacity of public health to use and exchange information electronically by promoting the use of standards and defining the functional and technical requirements.
• biosurviallance
• management of outbreaks
• exchange of data
• promoting collaboration
• build local tracking networks