NDFS 200 exam 1

Anthropometric,  Biochemical,  Clinical,  Dietary,  Environmental

Pertaining to the measurement of body weight and the lengths, circumfirences, and thickness of parts of the body

Assessment focusing on biochemical functions (ex. concentrations of nutrient by-products, enzyme activities in blood or urine) related to a nutrients function. 

Physical evidence of diet related disease.  This type of assessment focuses on general appearence of the skin, eyes, and tongue, evidence of rapid hair lass; loss of sense of touch; loss of ability to cough and walk.

Assessment that focuses on one's typical food choices, relying mostly on the recounting of one's usual intake or a record of one's usual intake or a record of one's intake of the previous day.

Assessment that focuses on one's education and economic backround and other factors that affect one's ability to purchase  , transport, and cook food and follow instructions given by health-care providers

single cause, specific symptoms

specific, biochemical block, decline in health

• restore to diet, regain normal function
• ex. scurvy, pellagra, beri beri

• multiple risk factors – genetics, lifestyle
• (including diet)

disease process slow, tends to remain

• CHD, cancer, osteoporosis,
• stroke, arthritis, diabetes 

Effects of nutrients on the genome

Regulation of gene expression

• Effect of genetic variation on:
• nutrient metabolism
• diet-disease
• response to food components

1.Risks reasonable in relation to benefits

2.Minimize risk

3.Equitable selection of subjects

4.Informed consent

5.Privacy and confidentiality

6.Data and safety monitoring

Animal equivalent of IRB

Rationale for animal use

Surgery

Pain or distress

Consideration of alternatives

Anesthesia, analgesia

Euthanasia

Distribution and determinants of diseases in human populations.

Study in which individuals who have the condition in question, such as lung cacer, are compared with individuals who do not have the condition.

Research that follows a healthy population over time, looking for indicators of the development of the disease. 

 Type of research that follows indviduals during a current course of treatment, in contrast with retrospective research, which examines the pat habits of individuals.

In medicine, a case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence.

Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. They are often used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions, or to answer questions about the causes of disease or the results of medical intervention. They may also be described as censuses

A longitudinal study is a correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time — often many decades. It is a type of observational study.

A crossover study (also referred to as a crossover trial) is a longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments (or exposures). While crossover studies can beobservational studies, many important crossover studies are controlled experiments,

Partipants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested.

Fake treatment that seems like the experimental treatment; used to disguise whether a study participant is in the experimental or control group.

Journal that publishes research only after scientists who are not part of the study agree the study was well conducted and the results are fairly represented.  Thus, the research has been approved by peers of the research team.  

• in favor of dying
• dead/survived
• males ratio/women's ratio 

• Probability of Death 
• alive/total
• male/female

• lthe range in which the investigators are
• 95% sure the real, population OR or RR falls

• If 95% CI includes 1.0, differences between groups are not usually statistically
• significant

• The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Food and Nutrition
• Board

• Includes all recommendations for safety
• and adequacy

• A.Estimations of average human requirements
• when data are adequate

• A.Recommendations when data are adequate to
• estimate human requirement

• Recommendations when data are inadequate
• to estimate human requirement

• A.Recommendations for maximum consumption,
• to avoid toxicity

Estimations of energy needs

• The U.S. Department of Agriculture
• (USDA)

Galactose

Glucose

Fructose

—Alpha - down

—Beta - up

Maltose

sucrose

Lactose

—3 – 10 sugar units

—Examples: raffinose, stachyose

—Food sources: beans, legumes

—RDA: 130 g/d for adults

• —Rationale: “EAR of 100 g/d for providing
• adequate energy for the brain, a CHO dependent organ” (RDA advisory committee)

—AMDR = 45-65% of total energy

—Simple sugars < 10% of energy intake

—AIs for children < 1 yr

—Energy – some cells (RBC, brain, retina, kidney) obligate glucose users

—Protein sparing

—Prevent ketosis

• —50-100 g CHO prevents
• —Electrolyte imbalance

—60 g/day:

—requires high fluid intake

—hard and painful stool

—binds important minerals (Ca, Zn, Fe)

—intestinal gas, discomfort

—insufficient energy intake in children

—Lower blood pressure

—Increase excretion of bile acid, estrogen, and fecal carcinogens and procarcinogens

—Anti-inflammatory properties

—Promote weight loss

—Genetic loss of expression of lactase gene.  Not due to another disease.

• —Temporary loss of lactase, develops as a
• result of another disease or treatment.

• —Type 1 
• (insulin dependent or juvenile onset; 5-10% of diabetes cases)

—destruction of pancreatic beta cell

—virus or foreign protein association

• —Type 2 
• (NIDDM, adult or obesity onset; 90-95% of cases)

—Insulin receptors, insulin resistance

—Correct obesity, often disappears

Amount of carbohydrate in a food multiplied by the glycemic index of that carbohydrate.  The result is then divided by 100.

Ratio of the blood glucose response to a given food, compared with a standard (typically, glucose or white bread.)

Fatty Acid

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Sterols

•Essential fatty acids – linoleic, linolenic

• •Immune function, vision, cell membrane,
• eicosanoids (EPA, DHA)

•Deficiency

Hormone like compounds synthesized from poly unsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid.

• In the body:
• Energy: main fuel for muscles at rest

Energy storage

Protect and insulate

Absorption and transport of fat soluble vitamins.

In food

•Satiety

•Flavor and texture

Functions

1.Cell membranes

2.Emulsifiers

3.Micelle formation

• •Hormones - corticosteroids, estrogen,
• testosterone, vitamin D precursor

•Bile acid precursor

•Cell membrane structure

•EPA, DHA – 2 fish meals per week

•Soybean oil, canola oil also supply ω-3s

Lipoprotein made of dietary fats that are surrounded by a shell of cholestrol, phospolipids, and protiens.  Made component is triglycerides

–Decrease sat and trans fat

–Increase mono and poly fats

–Decrease dietary cholesterol (for some)

–Increase soluble fiber

–No good way

–Lose weight

–Niacin most effective (25% or more)

•Raise LDL, lower HDL

•Increase CHD risk

•Current intake ~3% of total kcals

•Consumption relatively constant.