Chapter 5

energy-releasing process(hydrolysis reactions) exergonic

energy-using process(dehydration synthesis) endergonic

enzyme - joining of molecules, using ATP

• apoenzyme - protein portion
• Cofactor - nonprotein component is also an activator. If organic called coenzyme.
• Together is a whole active enzyme called holoenzyme

• NAD
• NADP
• FMN
• FAD
• Coenzyme A

• substrate - active site =enzyme-substrate complex
• Substrate trasnfromed by:
• rearrangement of existing atoms
• hyrolysis
• dehydration synthesis
• Substrate relesase - becuas no longer fit into active site

• Temp
• pH
• Heavy-metal ions
• Alcohol
• UV radiation

• rate of enzyme synthesis
• temp
• pH
• Substrate concentration - more subst, more activity.

• inhibitors fill the enzyme' active site
• can be reversible and irreversible

bind to another site of enzyme called allosteric site.This binding cuases active site to change shape making it non-functional.

endproduct binds to allosteric site. Reversible. Prevents production more substances than needed.

• not proteins but RNA. RNA that cuts and splices RNA
• Function like enzymes - Have active sites that bind to substrates and are not used up in a chemical reactions.

• breaking off hydrogen atom -produce energy
• protons are typically aso removed along with the H atoms

H atoms attach - capturing energy

LEO the lion goes GER

convertion ADP to ATP

• addition of Pi(inorganic phosphate) to a compound
• ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP ( ADP+Pi +energy=ATP)
• Pi is taken directly from inorganic compound

• occures in mytochondria in Eukaryotes
• in plasma membrane in prokaryotes
• in ETC - oxygen final electron acceptor

Only in photosinthetic cells -Light cuases to vie up electrons. Energy released from ETC is used to generate ATP and NADPH.

• 1 6-Carbon Glucose converted to 2 3-Carbon Pyruvic acids.
• net gain 2 ATP
• NADH were produced, destined for the ETC
• Anerobic

• Pyruvic acids enter outer membrane of mitochondria.
• 1 Carbon taken off of each pyruvic acid and converted to CO₂
• The other 2 carbons makes the acetyl group
• Coenzyme A attaches to acetyl group = Acetyl CoA
• Puryvic acid converted =Acetyl CoA
• NADH

• Acetyl CoA enters innermembrane of mytochondria
• Produces:
• NADH destened for electron transport chain
• 2 ATP
• 2 CO₂

• Flavoproteins, Cytochromes, Ubiquinoses(carrier molecules) - accept and release electrons as they are passing down the chain.
• NADH -oxidized to NAD =release electron and H ion. H ion transfered into intermembranous space. electrons passed down electron chain in a series of redox reactinos.
• As e passed down the chain they produce ATP -chemiosmosis
• Last cytochrome passes electron to O2 and O2 than pickes up H+ from surrounding medium to form H2O. So final electron excepter is O2

• As proton (H ions) concentration increse in the intermembranous space is called a proton motive force. Than protons difuce through a transmembrane protein channel(where ATP synthase lives) into the matrix. As H ions move they allow ATP synthase to attach a phosphate to ADP to make ATP. Yelds 36-38 ATP in eukaryotes
• 38 ATP in Prokereyots ( in plasma mebrane)

C6H12O6+6O2+38ADP+38Pi>6CO2+6H2O+38ATP

In ETC the final electron acceptor is an inorganic substances - Nitrate Ions or sulfate ions.

• Only glycolysis - 2 pyruvic acids converted to another organic molecule which is the end product. NAD is regenereated so it can participate in another round of glycolysis.
• Organic molecules is the final electron accepter.
• Does not require oxygen. Smal amount of ATP

• 1. Lactic Acid fermentation: Pyruvate to lactic acid
• 2. Alcohol Fermnt: Pyruvic acids converted to CO2 and acetyldehyde(alcohol) that is covernted to ethanol