Test 09_28_12 _Rad Bio Chapters 1 and 3

Occurs when a stem cell undergoes mitosis and divides into daughter cells

Normal ______ ______ (non reproductive cells) contain genes that promote growth and genes that suppress growth, both of which are important to control the growth cell

The terms for the genes involved in the cancer process are (3)

The normal genes that play a part in controlling normal growth and differentiation

Implicated in the abnormal proliferation of cells

Also called tumor-suppressor genes, inactivation of ______ allows the malignant process to flourish.

DNA point mutations, amplification, or trans locations transform a ______ into an ______, resulting in unrestricted cellular growth.

The cell cycle is broken up into 5 phases called:

Which phase is depicted outside of the cell cycle continuum because these cells are fully functioning but are nit preparing for DNA replication

Which phase is characterized by rapid growth and active metabolism

Which phase is the period in which DNA is replicated to ensure that the resulting daughter cells will have identical genetic material

Which phase is the period in which the cells prepares for actual division.

______ and ______ are synthesized and the cell continues to grow and moves relatively quickly into the ______ phase.

Cells are most sensitive to radiation during ______ and ______ phases of the cell cycle.

When tumors grow larger, the blood and nutrient supply is inadequate, creating areas of dead tissue called

_______ cells do not die after a programmed number of cell divisions as do normal cells. Hence, ______ cells have the ability to proliferate indefinitely.

Classified by their anatomic site, cell of origin, biologic behavior and can originate from any cell

Tumors that are undifferentiated are called

Tumors are divided into two categories:

Tumors that are generally well differentiated and do not metastasize or invade surrounding normal tissue, often are encapsulated and slow growing.

Tumors that range from well differentiated to undifferentiated, have the ability to metastasize, often invade and destroy normal surrounding tissue.

Spread to a site in the body distant from the primary site

Tumors that originate from epithelium

Tumors originating from the lining are called: (name an example)

Epithelial cells that are glandular are called: (name an example)

Cells are diverse in ______, ______, and function.

All processes of life occur inside that membrane or on its surface and are accomplished by many specialized components called

Within the plasma membrane is the ______ of the cell containing the genetic material DNA that directs cellular metabolism.

The material from which genes are made

Individual genes are normally assigned specific positions or loci on protein structures

The cell nucleus contains one or more is called ______, which are organelles that facilitate ______ assembly.

Encloses the nucleus

Between the nucleus and the outer cell wall is a substance known as ______, which is a conglomerate is semi liquid material called ______.

Woven throughout the cytoplasm is a filamentous membrane which is continuous with the nuclear membrane and houses the ribosomes.

Important organelles responsible for protein synthesis

Important in the storage and management of intracellular chemical substances

______ play a role in intracellular digestion.

Harbor specific enzyme systems, facilitating certain metabolic processes, and vacuoles function in cytoplasmic storage

The intracellular factories that produce adenosine triphosphate(ATP) from sugar and other organic fuels

The source of energy that drives intracellular metabolism

The observable sequence of events pursued during the life span of a dividing cell

The period before the duplication or synthesis of DNA in the nucleus

In which living cells are fully functional but simply not programmed for mitosis

The period during which nuclear DNA is synthesized and chromosomes are duplicated

The cell cycle commences after DNA synthesis is complete and continues until the cell begins to divide during the M phase

Note:

The shortest phase of the cell cycle and mitosis occurs

Note:

Five-carbon sugar may be deoxyribose or ribose, depending on whether the nucleic acid is DNA or RNA

The building blocked of life

Peptide information is encoded along the DNA strand in sequence

Process of enzymes in the cell nucleus facilitate the transfer of information from a strand of DNA to a strand of RNA.

Ribosomes are the site of _______ at which the message borne by the mRNA is apprehended by another type of RNA termed transfer RNA (tRNA)

Cell generation cycle

Note: