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Anatomy is the study of the ______ body
Structure
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Physiology is the study of the ______ of the body
Function
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6 levels of structural organization in the human bosy, from simplest to most complicated
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal
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What is the definition of an organ system
Group of organs working together to accomplish a specific function
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What is the definition of an organ
Group of organs working together to perform a specific function
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Why is maintaining body temperature within a narrow range so important for suvival
To maintain chemical reactions at life-sustaining rates
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What is the definition of homeostasis
To maintain internal balance
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What type of feedback mechanism is most frequently employed by the body to maintain homeoststic balance
Negative
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What state frequently results from homeostatic imbalance
Disease
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What 2 organ systems exert the most control over maintainence of homeostasis
Nervous & Endocrine
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What is the definition of a tissue
A group of cells similar in structure and function
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4 types of tissue
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve
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A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a cavity, essentially forming a boundary between different environments is called ______ tissue
Epithelial
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All substanced received or given off by the body must pass through a layer of ______ tissue
Epithelial
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5 functions of epithelial tissue
Protection, Absorption, Filtration, Excretion, Secretion
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The upper, free surface of an epithelium is called the ______ surface
Apical
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The lower, attatched surface of an epithelium is called the ______ surface
Basal
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Does epithelium coantain blood vessels (is it an avascular tissue)
No
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Where do the epithelial cells get their nutrients from
By the blood vesseld in the underlying connective tissue
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The designation of simple or stratified in naming of epithelium describes ______
If it is made up of one or more layers
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What is the function of simple sqamous epithelium
Diffusion & Filtration
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3 locations of where simple sqamous epithelium are located
Lungs, Blood Vessels, Kidney Glomeruli
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What about the structure of simple sqamous epithelium makes it adaptive for it's functions
It is thin
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What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium
Secretion & Absorption
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What are some locations of simple cuboidal epithelium
Kidney Tubules, Gland Duct Walls
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What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium
Absorption & Secretion
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What is the most common location of simple columnar epithelium
Lines the digestive tract
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What are microvilli
Tiny cellular protrusions from the apical surface of simple columnar epithelium
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What is the purpose of microvilli
Increase surface area
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What is the most common function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Secrete mucous & propel debris carrying mucous
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What is the most common location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Upper respiratory tract
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Does pseudostratified columnar epthelium contain one or multiple layers
One
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What is the function of cilia
Propel mucous & reproductive cells
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What is the predominant function of stratified squamous epithelium
Protection
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Where is the keratinized, dry form of stratified sqamous epithelium located
Epidermis of skin
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Where is a location of non-keratinized stratified sqamous epithelium
Mouth, Esophagus, Vagina
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What is the most common location for transitional epithelium
Ureters, Urinary Bladder
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Transitional epithelium is adapted for what function
Strethching
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What about the structure of transitional epithelium allows for it's function
Ability of cells to change shape
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What is the definition of a gland
One or more cells that make and secrete an aqueous fluid
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A gland in which secretions are released into ducts where they flow onto the body surfaces or into body cavities is classified as an ______ gland
Exocrine
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Give an example of an exocrine gland
Mucous, Sweat, Oil, Salivary
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What is the only type of unicellular gland
Goblet Cells
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Where are goblet cells located
Epithelial lining of intestinal & respiratory tract
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A gland that secretes it's products by exocytosis is called a ______ gland
Merocrine
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A gland that secretes it's products by cell rupture is called a ______ gland
Holocrine
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What is the only type of holocrine gland
Oil Glands
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The most abundant and widely distributed tissue type is ______ tissue
Connective
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4 functions of connective tissue
Binding & Support, Insulation, Protection, Transportation of Blood
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4 types of connective tissue
Connective Tissue Proper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
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3 structural elements of connective tissue
Ground Substance, Fibers, Cells
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Connective tissue ground substance is composed primarily of
Matrix
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3 types of fibers found in connective tissue
Collagen, Elastic, Reticular
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Which type of fiber found in connective tissue is the strongest
Collagen
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Which type of fiber found in connective tissue is adapted for stretching
Elastic
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2 resident cell types found in connective tissue
Immature/Undifferentiated, Mature
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Which cell type found in connective tissue is mitotically active and secretes the ground substance and fibers characteristics of that particular matrix
Immature/Undifferentiated
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What is the prefix for connective tissue proper
Fibro
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What is the prefix for cartilage
Chondro
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What is the prefix for bone
Osteo
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2 cell types found in connective tissue
Fat, Moblie
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What is the function of the fat cells found in connective tissue
Storing nutrients
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What is the function of the mobile cells found in connective tissue
Tissue repair
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Which of the 3 connective tissue components dominates loose connective tissue
Ground substance
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Which of the 3 connective tissue components dominates dense connective tissue
Fibers
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Most abundant type of connective tissue in the body is ______
Areolar
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Which connective tissue type acts as a middle-man between the blood stream and body cells with essentailly all bosy cells obtaining their nutrients and releasing their wastes into this tissue
Areolar Connective Tissue
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What are the functions of areolar connective tissue
Support & Bind other tissues
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Where is areolar connective tissue located
Subcutaneous Tissue, Lamina Propria, Wraps & Cushion Organs
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3 functions of adipose tissue
Insulation, Protection, Nutrient Storage
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Which is the most important function of adipose tissue
Insulation
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Where is the predominant location of adipose tissue
Subcutaneous Tissue
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What is the function of adipose tissue in subcutaneous tissue
Insulation, Nutritional Needs
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What is the function of reticular connective tissue
Forms a soft skeleton, supports large #'s of white blood cells
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Where is reticular connective tissue located
Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Bone Marrow
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What is the function of dense regular connective tissue
Provide resistance to tension in direction of fibers
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Where is dense regular connective tissue located
Tendons, Ligaments, Fascia
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What is the difference between dense regular & dense irregualr connective tissue
Dense irregular provides resistance to tension in all directions
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Where is dense irregular connective tissue located
Dermis & Joint Capsules
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What are the functions of elastic connective tissue
To recoil following stretching
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Where is elastic connective tissue located
Walls of large arteries, Walls of bronchi, Ligaments & Vertebral Column
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Cartilage, like dense connective tissues, provides resistance to tension. However, it also provides resistance to ______
Compression
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Why does cartilage heal slowly
Because it is avascular & lacks nerve endings
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The most abundant cartilage type is
Hyaline
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What are the functions of hyaline cartilage
Provide support from compressive stress & Allow for skeletal growth
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Where is hyaline cartilage located
Ends of long bones
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What is the function of elastic cartilage
Flexibility
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Where is elastic cartilage located
External Ear, Epiglottis
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What is the function of fibrocartilage
Provide tesile strength to absorb compressive shock
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Where is fibrocartilage located
Intevertebral Disks, Knee Joint Cartilages
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Why is bone harder and more rigid than cartilage
Prescence of calcium salts
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What are the functions of bone
Support & Protect Body Structure
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Where is bone located
Skeleton
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What are the functions of nervous tissue
To regulate & control body functions
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Where is nervous tissue located
Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
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What is the main component of nervous tissue
Cells
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What is the main function of muscle tissue
Movement
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3 types if muscle tissue
Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal
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Which muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movement
Skeletal
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What is the function of smooth muscle tissue
To squeeze substances through hollow organs
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What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue
To propel blood through blood vessels to all parts of the body
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Where is skeletal muscle tissue located
The bones
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Where is smooth muscle tissue located
In the walls of hollow organs
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Where is cardiac muscle tissue located
In the walls of the heart
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3 types of covering & lining membranes
Cutaneous, Mucous, Serous
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Where are cutaneous membranes located
Attatched to underlying tissue
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Where is mucous membrane located
Lines cavities open to exterior
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Where are serous membranes located
Lines cavities closed to exterior
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Which membranes are wet
Mucous, Serous
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Which membranes are dry
Cutaneous
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2 general types of tissues membranes are composed of
Epithelium, Connective
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What are the functions of mucous membranes
Absorb & Protect
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What is the function of serous membrane
To permit organs to move with-in body cavities
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The ______ serosae line the internal body walls.
Parietal
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The ______ serosae cover the internal organs
Visceral
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2 ways in which tissue repair occur
Regeneration, Fibrosis
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Which form of tissue repair is better for maintaining function of the tissue
Regeneration
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3 steps in tissue repair
Inflammation, Organization & Restored Blood Supply, Regeneration & Fibrosis
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During which step of tissue repair does clottin occur
Inflammation
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During which step of tissue repair is the clot replaced with granulation tissue
Organization & Restored Blood Supply
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2 types of tissue that have virtually no regenerative capacity
Cardiac, Nervous
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What is the homeostatic imbalance that results from tissue damage
Myocardial Infarction
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What is the end stage in homeostatic imbalance that results from tissue damage
Congestive Heart Failure
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With aging, epithelia ______
Thin
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With aging, tissue repair becomes ______
Less efficient
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With aging, bone, muscle & nervous tissue ______
Begin to atrophy
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An abnormal mass of proliferating cells is called a ______
Neoplasm
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What about malignant neoplasm differentiates it from benign neoplasm
It doesn't metastisize
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What is the main cause of death from cancer
It consumes a large amount of the body's nutrients
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What do carcinogens do to the cells that can lead to the development of cancer
Cause DNA mutations
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3 regions of the skin
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
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Most epidermal cells are ______
Keratinocytes
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What is the purpose of the firosis protein (keratin) produced by cells
It gives the epidermis it's protective qualities
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Are the keratin cells produced dead or alive when they reach the skin surface
Dead
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In what layer of the epidermis are melanocytes located
Deepest epidermal layer
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What is the pigment produced by the melanocytes
Melanin
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What is the function of melanin
Protection from UV radiation
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Which is the deepest layer of the epidermis
Stratum Basale
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In which layer of the dermis are the cells mitotically active
Stratum Basale
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Above which layer of the dermis do the cells begin to die
Stratum Granulosum
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In the stratum granulosum the cells excrete water-resistant glycolipid to coat the outside of the cells. What is the function of this substance
To toughen skin & make it resistant to water loss
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The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the
Stratum Coreum
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The stratum corneum produces dead, flat, keratinized sacs which provide some of the most important functions of the integumentary system. What are these functions
Protection from abrasion, Prevention of fluid loss, Create a barrier
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Is the epidermis vascularized
No
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Is the dermis vascularized
Yes
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2 layers of the epidermis
Papillary, Reticular
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Does the papillary or reticular layer of the epidermis comprise most of the dermis
Papillary
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Which tissue type is papillary layer composed of
Loose areolar connective tissue
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Which tissue type is the reticular layer composed of
Dense irregular connective tissue
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The capillaries that provide much of the nutrtion for the epidermal cells are located with-in the
Dermal Papillae
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A blister is caused by a seperation of which 2 layers
Epidermis & Dermis
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3 pigments that contribute to skin color
Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin
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Which is the primary pigment responsible for skin color
Melanin
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What about a population's environment determines it's skin color
Amount of UV exposure
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Do light-skinned or dark-skinned people have a lower incidence of skin cancer
Dark-skinned
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Why do dark-skinned people have less of a chance of getting skin cancer
Because they have more melanin
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What is the pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of Caucasion skin
Hemoglobin
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In what cells are hemoglobin located
Red blood cells
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What is the primary responsibility of red blood cells
To carry oxygen
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What causes erythema
Dilated dermal capillaries
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What causes jaundice
Liver Disorder
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Which type of gland plays an important role in thermoregulation
Eccrine
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Sweat from eccrien glands is composed mostly of
Water
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Describe the role of eccrine glands in thermoregulation
Cool the body to maintain homeostasis
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What other structures in the integumentary system play a role in thermoregulation
Dermal Blood Vessels
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Sebaceous glands secrete their products into
Hair Follicles
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Sebaceous glands become active
During puberty
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Acne is caused by an inflammation of
Sebaceous Glands
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What is hair composed of
Dead Keratinized Cells
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What is the pigment that gives hair it's color
Melanin
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What causes hair to become gray with aging
Decreased Melanin
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The smooth muscle responsible for pulling the hair follicle upright & causing goose bumps is called
Arrector Pilli
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Nails are a modification of the
Epidermis
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Nails are composed of
Hard Keratin
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6 functions of the integumentary system
Protection, Thermoregulation, Sebaceous Sensation, Metabolic Functions, Blood Reservoir, Excretion
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3 types of protection barriers the integumentary system provides
Chemical, Biological, Mechanical
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What is the function of the integumentary system that is important for calcium metabolism
Metabolic
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How does the integumentary system play a role in providing extra blood flow to the digestive tract for digestion after a meal
It can shunt blood flow to send it to other areas of the body
-
What is the most common skin cancer
Carcinoma
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Are carcinoma usually benign or malignant
Benign
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From what layer of the skin do carcinoma originate
Stratum Basale
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What is the most malignant form of skin cancer
Melanoma
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From what cells do melanoma develop
Melanocytes
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What do the letters ABCD represent in recognizing melanoma
Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter
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What is the immediate threat to the life of a severe burn patient
Dehydration
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What threat becomes life threatening for a burn patient after 24 hours
Infection & Sepsis
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What classification of burn is a sunburn
1st
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What classification of burn causes blisters
2nd
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What classification of burn damages the entire thickness of skin
3rd
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What 2 exposures can accelerate the effects of aging
Sun, Smoking
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