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List the major groups of microbes and some of their distinctive characteristics
- Bacteria: peptidoglycan in cell walls, divide by binary fission, some motile (flagella)
- Archaea: live in extreme environments, methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles, none are pathogenic
- Fungi: unicellular (yeast) and multicellular (molds, mushrooms), chitin in cell walls
- Protozoa: Absorb or ingest organic chemicals, motile (pseudopods, cilia, flagella)
- Algae: cellulose cell walls, photosynthetic, green red or brown
- Multicellular animal parasites: helminths
- Viruses: acellular, DNA/RNA core + protein coat + some have envelope, obligate intracellular parasites
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Identify the contributions of Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, Semmelwise, Jenner, Fleming
- Leeuwenhoek: Created microscope, first too see live microorganisms
- Pasteur: Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air (disproved spontaneous generation using bended neck flask). Pasteurization
- Lister: Developed aseptic technique to prevent surgical wound infections
- Koch: First to show that a specific microbe caused a specific disease
- Semmelwise: Advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever (baby delivery)
- Jenner: Developed vaccination by using cowpox for smallpox
- Fleming: Discovered first antibiotic
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Define binomial nomenclature system
- Genus (Homo)
- Specific epithet (sapien)
- Species is BOTH names (Homo sapien)
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Give 5 ways in which microorganisms benefit humankind
- Food production (cheese, booze, yogurt, bread, etc)
- Producers (photosynthesis)
- Decomposers of organic waste (sewer treatment)
- Bioremediation (breakdown of toxic compounds into innocuous compounds)
- Pest control (alternative to pestisides)
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Give 2 ways in which microorganisms harm humankind
- disease/infections
- food spoilage (food-born illness)
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Contributions to debate between biogenesis and spontaneous generation of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, Virchow, Pasteur
- Redi: Filled jars with decaying meat (some with fine net), growth only in opened jars. [biogenesis]
- Needham: Boiled nutrient broth placed into covered flasks, growth occured (exposed to air while cooling) [spontaneous generation]
- Spallanzani: Nutrient broth boiled IN flask, no growth [biogenesis]
- Virchow: Believed/proponent of biogenesis (come from existing cells)
- Pasteur: Nutrient broth boiled/sealed (no growth) vs boiled/unsealed (growth). Also, curved neck-flask filled with beef broth.
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Define germ theory of disease
The theory that microbes are the cause of disease
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Contributions to the germ theory of disease from Koch, Bassi, Pasteur, Lister, Semmelweiss
- Koch: First to show specific microbe caused specific disease
- Bassi: silkworm disease caused by a fungus
- Pasteur: a different silkworm disease caused by a protozoan
- Lister: developed aseptic technique to prevent surgical wound infections
- Semmelwise: advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever
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Explain the purpose of Koch's postulates
4 criteria developed to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease. Very specific, still used today
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Define chemotherapy
Treatment of disease by chemical substance
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Differentiate between synthetic drugs and antibiotic
- Antibiotics: chemicals produced by a bacteria to inhibit a different bacteria
- Synthetic drugs: laboratory created (called antibiotics, but aren't truly)
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Contributions to chemotherapy of Ehrlich and Fleming
- Ehrlich: coworker of Koch, looking for "magic bullet" to destroy pathogen without harming host. Developed salvarsan to treat syphilis
- Fleming: Discovered first antibiotic (Penicillin)
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