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Perception
Active mental process of selecting, organizing, & interpreting information in order to give meaning to our environment
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Social Perception
Process of gathering, selecting, & interpreting information about how we view ourselves & others
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Factors that Affect Perception
Characteristics in the Perceiver
Attitudes, motives, interests, experience, expectations
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Factors that Affect Perception
Characteristics of the Target
Novelty, ambiguity, size, background, proximity, similarity
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Factors that Affect Perception
Characteristics in the Situation
Time, work setting, social setting
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Biases in Person Perception
Primary Effects
Bias that leads people to overemphasize early information
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Biases in Person Perception
Contrast Effect
Evaluation of a person's characteristics are affected by comparisons w/other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristic
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Biases in Person Perception
Halo Effect
Draw a general impression about a person on the basis of a single characteristic
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Biases in Person Perception
Similar-to-me
People perceive others who are similar to themselves more positively than those who are dissimilar
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Biases in Person Perception
Projection
Tendency to attribute one's own characteristics to other people
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Biases in Person Perception
Harshness, leniency, & average tendancy
Some percievers tend to be overly harsh in their perceptions, others overly leniant, & others view most targets as average
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Biases in Person Perception
Stereotyping
Judging others on the basis of our perception of the group to which they belong
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Attribution
Assigning a cause to a behavior
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3 Factors in making internal/external attributions
Distinctiveness
Is the person's behavior unique of distinctive to a particular taks or situation - does the person behave this way in all situation
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3 Factors in making internal/external attributions
Consensus
Does everyone act the same way or is the person behavior unusual
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3 Factors in making internal/external attributions
Consistency
Is there some consistant pattern in the behavior over time & situations
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Attribution
Internal
- Low consensus
- High consistency
- Low distinctiveness
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Attribution
External
- High consensus
- Low consistency
- High distinctiveness
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Attributional Biases
Attribution Error
Tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of interal factors when making judgments about behavior of others
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Attributional Biases
Actor-observer Effect
Tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes and attribute own's behavior to external causes
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Attributional Biases
Self-Serving Attribution
Tendency to take credit for successes & avoid blame for failures
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